Re-directed immunotherapy

ABSTRACT

The invention provides an agent for preventing or treating a condition characterised by the presence of unwanted cells, the agent comprising: (i) a targeting moiety that is capable of targeting to the unwanted cells; and (ii) a T cell antigen, wherein the T cell antigen can be released from the targeting moiety by selective cleavage of a cleavage site in the agent in the vicinity of the unwanted cells.

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 14/660,137,filed on Mar. 17, 2015, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,358,282, which is acontinuation of application Ser. No. 14/005,452, entered the nationalstage on Sep. 16, 2013, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,402,916, which is theU.S. National Stage of International Application No. PCT/GB2012/050577,filed Mar. 15, 2012, which designates the U.S., published in English,and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §§ 119 or 365 (c) to GB ApplicationNo. 1104514.3, filed Mar. 17, 2011 and GB Application No. 1203434.4,filed Feb. 28, 2012. The entire teachings of the above applications areincorporated herein by reference.

The present invention relates to immunotherapeutic agents. Inparticular, it relates to agents that can be used to prevent or treat acondition characterised by the presence of unwanted cells, such astumours or other disease causing cells.

Immunotherapeutic strategies for targeting malignant disease are anactive area of translational clinical research, and have been forseveral decades. The current models dictate that cancer representseither a functional or constitutional immunodeficiency which can betreated with immunotherapeutic manipulation of the host. These effortscan be broadly classified into 2 groups. The first serves to augment orsupport endogenous anti-tumour immunity through measures such asvaccination, cytokine support (IL-2, IFNγ) or reducing immunosuppressantenvironment (ipilimumab) whilst the second seeks to restore an absolutedeficiency with components of a functional immune response (passiveimmunotherapy with antibodies, TCR transfer, Stem Cell Transplantationand adoptive immunotherapy). These approaches are unified by theargument that a highly effective functional anti-tumour immune responseis indeed possible. Although irrefutable evidence exists for aneffective anti-tumour immune response in some cases, this central pillarof tumour immunology is overwhelmingly countered by the current clinicalreality that despite great efforts, no effective immunotherapeutics areavailable for the majority of patients with cancer. Almost all cancervaccination trials have provided negative results, with those providingpositive data most frequently demonstrating a small effect. The realityis that therapeutic antibodies, with a few exceptions, offer very modestclinical benefit in the area of oncology.

If a therapeutic strategy could be developed which can efficientlymolecularly re-direct an endogenous cytotoxic anti-viral immune responseto instead target malignant tissue, this may afford a new powerful andsafe approach to treat malignant disease.

The majority of cytotoxic therapeutic antibodies rely on immunologicaleffector mechanisms to deliver their anti-cancer effect such ascomplement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and Antibody Dependent CellularCytotoxicity (ADCC). Importantly, all cells (both healthy and malignant)have numerous mechanisms to limit attack by the immune response to avertautoimmunity. This is evident in the context of autoimmune disease wherehigh levels of tissue-reactive antibodies, which although frequentlyevoke organ inflammation, rarely induce complete organ destruction.Indeed, autoimmune diseases where complete tissue destruction isobserved, such as diabetes mellitus, are known to be dependent on CTLresponses rather than antibody-directed mechanisms.

To improve upon the poor efficacy of therapeutic antibodies,immunoconjugates (radionuclides/toxins) and engineered antibodies whichbetter engage with the cytotoxic effector mechanisms (e.g.glycoengineering) have been used. However clinical trials of such agentsremain largely disappointing and are plagued by toxicity. One example isantibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) that have been developed to selectivelytarget anti-tumour agents to tumours (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,773,001;5,767,285; 5,739,116; 5,693,762; 5,585,089; US 2006/0088522; US2011/0008840; U.S. Pat. No. 7,659,241; Hughes (2010) Nat Drug Discov 9:665, Lash (2010); In vivo: The Business & Medicine Report 32-38; Mahatoet al (2011) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 63: 659; Jeffrey et al (2006) BMCL 16:358; Drugs R D 11(1): 85-95). ADCs generally comprise a monoclonalantibody against a target present on a tumour cell, a cytotoxic drug,and a linker that attaches the antibody to the drug. However, only a fewADCs are currently in the late stage of clinical development, and ofthose that are, clinical success has proven elusive.

Thus, there remains a demand for more effective immunotherapeutic agentswith greater efficacy and lower toxicity.

The agents of the invention are an example of re-directed immunotherapy.This refers to the concept of re-directing an existing immune responsethat normally target cells harbouring foreign antigens, to targetunwanted cells in conditions such as cancer. The concept requires thepresentation of marker antigens on unwanted cells such that they becomea target for immune cells.

WO 95/17212 describes conjugates consisting of peptidic T cell antigensand cell binding partners and their use in re-directed immunotherapy.The conjugates comprise a binding partner with selectivity for targetcells and a T cell antigen, and are said to induce specific cytotoxicityof T cells in the treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases, diabetes orallergic diseases. The conjugates are said to be internalised intotarget cells following binding of the binding partner to surfacereceptors, and the T cell antigen is processed from the conjugate andexpressed on the cell surface in the form of a complex with MHCmolecules. Cytotoxicity of T cells for the target cells is therebyinduced.

However, which binding partners enable internalisation and hencesubsequent presentation of the T cell antigen, and which do not, isdifficult to predict from WO 95/17212. Further, the conjugates describedin WO 95/17212 do not efficiently target the MHC Class-I antigenprocessing pathway. An advantage of the MHC Class-I pathway is that,unlike MHC Class-II molecules, WIC Class-I molecules are present on allcell types.

Smith et al (J Immunol 169: 99-107, 2002) describe the use of ricin todeliver cytotoxic T cell epitopes into the MHC Class I pathway of tumourcells, such that they are subsequently lysed. However, ricin is highlytoxic and since it can bind to most cell types, it is not selective fortumour cells.

The agents of the present invention aim to circumvent all of the aboveproblems whilst improving specificity, and exploit the fact that T cellantigens can be presented without first being internalised into a celland being engaged in the classical antigen processing pathways. Inaddition to the classical MHC Class-I processing pathway, whichcontinuously feeds peptides from the intracellular compartment viatargeted intracellular proteolysis by the proteosome, peptide transportthrough the TAP and MHC Class-I peptide loading within the ER, antigenscan also be presented without internalisation. This less directedmechanism relies on a short half-life of some MHC Class-I associatedpeptides due to low affinity of some MHC bound peptides to the MHCmolecule. Peptide dissociation provides empty MHC Class-I moleculeswhich are able to bind T cell antigens (e.g. peptides) at the membrane.In the same way, T cell antigens can bind to MHC Class-II molecules andthe present invention also circumvents the Class-II antigen processingpathway to directly load antigens at the cell membrane. Further, Group ICD1 molecules (CD1a, CD1b and CD1c) have been shown to present lipids toboth cytotoxic alpha beta T cells as well as cytotoxic gamma delta Tcells (Porcelli et al (1989) Nature, 341, 447-450).

The inventors have found that by introducing a cleavage site in closeproximity to the T cell antigen, which cleavage site is selectivelycleaved in the vicinity of the unwanted cells, the T cell antigen can beliberated from a targeting moiety in the vicinity of the unwanted cellsand can become bound by, for example, empty WIC molecules or Group I CD1molecules, and elicit a T cell response. In this way, internalisation ofthe agent into the cell and direction of the antigen into the classicalprocessing pathways is not necessary; the agent can target cellsexpressing MHC Class-I molecules compared to only MHC Class-IIexpressing cells as in WO 95/17212; and specificity is increased byvirtue of the cleavage site only being cleaved in the vicinity of theunwanted cells. For example, tumour cells secrete proteases that arerequired by tumours for invasion of local tissues and metastasis, and soby including a tumour-specific protease cleavage site in the agent, thespecificity of the agent for the tumour is increased.

It follows that the use of a cleavage site to bypass the requirement forinternalisation and classical processing in order for T cell antigens tobe efficiently presented to T cells is a key advantage of the invention.The presence of the cleavage site means that all cells become amenableto re-directed immunotherapy, and not just the relatively smallpopulation of antigen presenting cells that express MHC Class IImolecules. This is especially important for tumours where most tumourcells do not express MHC Class II molecules. The cleavage site alsocircumvents the challenges involved in ensuring that T cell antigens arenot only successfully internalised, but that they correctly enter theappropriate cellular processing pathway to be presented on the cellsurface. By by-passing the need for internalisation, the cleavage sitefurther provides the ability to target neighbouring tumour cells andstromal non-malignant tissue such as tumour-fibroblasts of bloodvessels. It also circumvents tumour-evasion mechanisms that operate inclassical antigen processing. All in all therefore, the cleavage siteprovides for a simpler and more effective method of re-directingimmunotherapy to more cell types.

It is important to note the distinction between the present inventionand cross-presentation. In the present invention, the targeting moietyof the agent functions to bring a T cell antigen directly into thevicinity of an unwanted cell. The unwanted cell may then present the Tcell antigen, once cleaved from the targeting moiety, on its surfacesuch that the unwanted cell becomes a target for an existing T cellresponse. This allows for the redirection of an existing immune responseto the unwanted cell directly, and so no co-stimulation by antigenpresenting cells (APCs) is necessary. Cross-presentation, on the otherhand, refers to the mechanism by which an antigen is transferred to aprofessional APC which, in turn, presents it on an MHC Class I moleculeto a naïve T cell so as to generate a primary cytotoxic T cell responsespecific for that antigen. The process is important in the activation ofnaïve T cells which must first recognise class I-associated peptideantigens and also encounter costimulators on APCs, or signals providedby helper T cells. Thus, with cross-presentation, APCs as opposed tounwanted cells are targeted so that APCs may co-stimulate cytotoxic Tcells and thereby generate a new immune response.

Improving the efficiency of the cross-presentation of exogenous antigensis a key challenge in the development of vaccines that generateeffective cellular immune responses. WO 2008/019366, EP 1 948 802, US2004/0001853, WO 2005/087813, EP 1 664 270, Kawamura et al (J Immunol168: 5709, 2002), and Howland et al (J Immunother 31(7): 607, 2008)describe methods to improve cross-presentation of exogenous antigens bytargeting antigens to APCs where they are internalised and presented tonaïve T cells. For example, WO 2008/019366 discusses attaching antigensto a particle that can be phagocytosed by APCs such that the antigen canbe released in the phagosome of the APC and thereby be cross-presentedonto MHC Class I molecules. Similarly, EP 1 948 802 describes attachingan antigen to an antibody Fc fragment so as to promote internalisationof the antigen into the APC. However, none of the above documentsmention targeting of antigens to unwanted cells; rather, the antigen istargeted to a specialised subset of APCs which, in turn, activatecytotoxic T cells to kill unwanted cells. Likewise, none of thedocuments describe the use and redirection of an existing immuneresponse nor do they disclose that the T cell antigen can be presentedon the surface of a cell without the need for internalisation.

A first aspect of the invention provides an agent for preventing ortreating a condition characterised by the presence of unwanted cells,the agent comprising (i) a targeting moiety that is capable of targetingto the unwanted cells; and (ii) a T cell antigen, wherein the T cellantigen can be released from the targeting moiety by selective cleavageof a cleavage site in the agent in the vicinity of the unwanted cells.

Targeting Moiety

By ‘targeting moiety’, we include the meaning of any moiety that iscapable of targeting to the unwanted cells. Preferably, the targetingmoiety is capable of targeting selectively to the unwanted cells. Forexample, it is preferred if the targeting moiety targets unwanted cellsto a greater extent than it does normal cells, and most preferablytargets only unwanted cells.

It will be appreciated that binding of the targeting moiety to normalcells may be tolerated if they can be functionally replaced by othertherapeutic means or if they are not essential to life. Thus, atargeting moiety that targets to a cancer cell as well as, for example,an endocrine tissue or organ is not precluded. In this case, thetargeting moiety acts to redirect an immune response to both unwantedcells and to other cells that can be functionally replaced bytherapeutic means. In a life-saving situation for example, the tissue ororgan may be sacrificed provided its function was either not essentialto life, for instance in the case of the testes, prostate or pancreas,or could be supplied by hormone replacement therapy. Such considerationswould apply to the thyroid gland, parathyroids, adrenal cortex andovaries, for example.

It follows that the targeting moiety may be a moiety that is capable oftargeting selectively to unwanted cells as opposed to wanted cells,wherein the unwanted cells may include cells whose presence in a host isundesired and optionally cells whose presence in the host is desired butwhose presence can be functionally replaced by therapeutic means.

It is also appreciated that since the cleavage site in the agent confersspecificity on where the T cell antigen is released, binding of thetargeting moiety to normal cells, in the vicinity of which the cleavagesite is not cleaved, may also be tolerated.

Most preferably, however, the targeting moiety targets selectively tounwanted cells as opposed to any other cells.

In one embodiment, the targeting moiety is a specific binding partner ofan entity expressed by or associated with the unwanted cell. Typically,the expressed entity is expressed selectively on the unwanted cell. Forexample, the abundance of the expressed entity is typically 10 or 100 or500 or 1000 or 5000 or 10000 higher on the unwanted cell than on othercells within the body to be treated. However, as mentioned above, thecleavage site provides additional specificity on where the T cellantigen is released and so the binding partner may bind an entity thatis similarly or even underexpressed on unwanted cells relative to othercells within the body.

By “binding partner” we include the meaning of a molecule that binds toan entity expressed by a particular cell. Preferably, the bindingpartner binds selectively to that entity. For example, it is preferredif the binding partner has a K_(d) value (dissociation constant) whichis at least five or ten times lower (i.e. higher affinity) than for atleast one other entity expressed by another cell (e.g. a normal celltype), and preferably more than 100 or 500 times lower. More preferably,the binding partner of that entity has a K_(d) value more than 1000 or5000 times lower than for at least one other entity expressed by anothercell (e.g. normal cell type). K_(d) values can be determined readilyusing methods well known in the art. However, as discussed above, it isappreciated that the binding partner may bind selectively to an entityexpressed by an unwanted cell and by a normal cell provided that thenormal cell may be functionally replaced or else is not essential tolife. For example, in lymphoma, anti-CD20 (which targets all B cells) isvery effective and kills all B cells, healthy and malignant. However,this can be tolerated as B cells are not critical for health. Further,in the case of melanoma, lymphoma, prostate cancer, thyroid, testicularor ovarian cancer, targeting healthy counterpart tissue would also betolerated.

Typically, the binding partner is one that binds to an entity that ispresent or accessible to the binding partner in significantly greaterconcentrations in or on unwanted cells than in any normal cells of thehost. Thus, the binding partner may bind to a surface molecule orantigen on the unwanted cell that is expressed in considerably higheramounts than on normal cells. Similarly, the binding partner may bind toan entity that has been secreted into the extracellular fluid by theunwanted cells to a greater extent than by normal cells. For example,the binding partner may bind to a tumour associated antigen which isexpressed on the cell membrane or which has been secreted into tumourextracellular fluid.

The targeting moiety may be any of a polypeptide, a peptide, a smallmolecule or a peptidomimetic.

In a preferred embodiment, the targeting moiety is an antibody thatbinds to an antigen expressed by the unwanted cell. Preferred antibodytargets (with examples of unwanted cell types in parentheses) include:Her2/Neu (Epithelial malignancies); CD22 (B cells, autoimmune ormalignant); EpCAM (CD326) (Epithelial malignancies); EGFR (epithelialmalignancies); PSMA (Prostate Carcinoma); CD30 (B cell malignancies);CD20 (B cells, autoimmune, allergic or malignant); CD33 (Myeloidmalignancies); membrane IgE (Allergic B cells); IgE Receptor (CD23)(Mast cells or B cells in allergic disease), CD80 (B cells, autoimmune,allergic or malignant); CD86 (B cells, autoimmune, allergic ormalignant); CD2 (T cell or NK cell lymphomas); CA125 (multiple cancersincluding Ovarian carcinoma); Carbonic Anhydrase IX (multiple cancersincluding Renal Cell Carcinoma); CD70 (B cells, autoimmune, allergic ormalignant); CD74 (B cells, autoimmune, allergic or malignant); CD56 (Tcell or NK cell lymphomas); CD40 (B cells, autoimmune, allergic ormalignant); CD19 (B cells, autoimmune, allergic or malignant);c-met/HGFR (Gastrointestinal tract and hepatic malignancies; TRAIL-R1(multiple malignancies including ovarian and colorectal carcinoma); DR5(multiple malignancies including ovarian and colorectal carcinoma); PD-1(B cells, autoimmune, allergic or malignant); PD1L (Multiplemalignancies including epithelial adenocarcinoma); IGF-1R (Mostmalignancies including epithelial adenocarcinoma); VEGF-R2 (Thevasculature associated with the majority of malignancies includingepithelial adenocarcinomas; Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) (ProstateAdenocarcinoma); MUC1 (Epithelial malignancies); CanAg (tumors such ascarcinomas of the colon and pancreas); Mesothelin (many tumoursincluding mesothelioma and ovarian and pancreatic adenocarcinoma);P-cadherin (Epithelial malignancies, including breast adenocarcinoma);Myostatin (GDF8) (many tumours including sarcoma and ovarian andpancreatic adenocarcinoma); Cripto (TDGF1) (Epithelial malignanciesincluding colon, breast, lung, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers);ACVRL1/ALK1 (multiple malignancies including leukaemias and lymphomas);MUC5AC (Epithelial malignancies, including breast adenocarcinoma);CEACAM (Epithelial malignancies, including breast adenocarcinoma); CD137(B cells or T cells, autoimmune, allergic or malignant); CXCR4 (B cellsor T cells, autoimmune, allergic or malignant); Neuropilin 1 (Epithelialmalignancies, including lung cancer); Glypicans (multiple cancersincluding liver, brain and breast cancers); HER3/EGFR (Epithelialmalignancies); PDGFRa (Epithelial malignancies); EphA2 (multiple cancersincluding neuroblastoma, melanoma, breast cancer, and small cell lungcarcinoma); and CD138 (Myeloma).

Particularly preferred antibodies include an anti-epidermal growthfactor receptor antibody such as Cetuximab, an anti-Her2 antibody, ananti-CD20 antibody such as Rituximab, an anti-CD22 antibody such asInotuzumab, an anti-CD70 antibody, an anti-CD33 antibody such as hp67.6or Gemtuzumab, an anti-MUC1 antibody such as GP1.4 and SM3, an anti-CD40antibody, an anti-CD74 antibody, an anti-P-cadherin antibody, ananti-EpCAM antibody, an anti-CD138 antibody, an anti-E-cadherinantibody, an anti-CEA antibody, and an anti-FGFR3 antibody.

Examples of tumour-associated, immune cell-associated and infectionreagent-related antigens which may be targeted by the targeting moietyare given in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Cell surface antigens for targeting Antigen Antibody Existinguses a) Tumour Associated Antigens Carcino-embryonic C46 (Amersham)Imaging and therapy of Antigen 85A12 (Unipath) colon/rectum tumours.Placental Alkaline H17E2 (ICRF, Travers Imaging and therapy ofPhosphatase & Bodmer) testicular and ovarian cancers. Pan CarcinomaNR-LU-10 (NeoRx Imaging and therapy of Corporation) various carcinomasincluding small cell lung cancer. Polymorphic Epithelial HMFG1 (Taylor-Imaging and therapy of Mucin (Human milk Papadimitriou, ICRF) ovariancancer and fat globule) pleural effusions. β-human Chorionic W14Targeting of Gonadotropin carboxypeptidase to human xenograftchoriocarcinoma in nude mice (Searle et al (1981) Br. J. Cancer 44,137-144). A carbohydrate on L6 (IgG2a)¹ Targeting of alkaline HumanCarcinomas phosphatase (Senter et al (1988) PNAS USA 85, 4842-4846. CD20Antigen on B 1F5 (IgG2a)² Targeting of alkaline Lymphoma (normalphosphatase (Senter et and neoplastic) al (1988) PNAS USA 85, 4842-4846.¹Hellström et al (1986) Cancer Res. 46, 3917-3923 ²Clarke et al (1985)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 1766-1770 Other antigens includealphafoetoprotein, Ca-125 and prostate specific antigen. b) Immune CellAntigens Pan T Lymphocyte OKT-3 (Ortho) As anti-rejection SurfaceAntigen (CD3) therapy for kidney transplants. B-lymphocyte Surface RFB4(Janossy, Royal Immunotoxin therapy of Antigen (CD22) Free Hospital) Bcell lymphoma. Pan T lymphocyte H65 (Bodmer and Immunotoxin treatmentSurface Antigen (CD5) Knowles, ICRF; of acute graft versus licensed toXoma host disease, Corp., USA) rheumatoid arthritis. c) InfectiousAgent-Related Antigens Mumps virus-related Anti-mumps Antibodyconjugated to polyclonal antibody diphtheria toxin for treatment ofmumps. Hepatitis B Surface Anti HBs Ag Immunotoxin against Antigenhepatoma.

Alternatively, the targeting moiety may be any compound or part thereofthat specifically binds, in a non-immune sense, to an entity expressedby unwanted cells or otherwise becomes associated with the unwantedcells. Thus, the specific binding partner may be any of a hormone, agrowth factor, a cytokine, or a receptor ligand (e.g. agonist orantagonist).

For example, cytokines have previously been used to target toxins toinvading bacterial. Using genetic engineering, recombinant proteins havebeen produced which contain for example IL-2 and a bindingdomain-deleted Pseudomonas exotoxin protein (Lorderboum-Galski et al,1988 (62)). This immunotoxin was effective in experimental animal models(Kozak et al, 1990 (63)). Fusion proteins have also been produced withIL-4, IL-6, alpha-MSH, EGF and TNF-alpha (reviewed in Waldmann 1992(35)), all of which are appropriate for use as targeting moieties in thepresent invention.

Particularly useful targeting moieties include cytokines such as IL-2,EGF, VEGF, FIt3L, HGF, IGF, IL-6, or IL-4. IL-2 and IL-4 can target toadult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma cells which express the high affinityIL-2 receptor whereas normal resting T-cells do not, or to T-cellsexpressing the IL-4 receptor. It has previously been shown that themonoclonal antibody MR6, which binds to the human IL-4 receptor, caninhibit the IL-4 induced proliferation of cloned helper T cells and theproduction of IgE by polyclonal B cells (Larche et al, 1988 (36)). Suchtargeting moieties may be used to eliminate a lymphoid cellsubpopulation in autoimmune disease or allergy.

Insulin like growth factors (IGF-1 and IGF-11) are preferentially takenup by malignant cells and so may be used to target tumour cells.Similarly EGF can be used to target malignant cells which upregulate theEGF receptor. Also, tumour associated blood vessels overexpress VEGFreceptor and so can be targeted by the family of VEGF growth factors.

Flt3 receptor is overexpressed in leukaemias and may be a therapeutictarget for acute and chronic leukaemias and myeloproliferativedisorders.

Myeloma cells express IL-6 receptor and also secrete IL-6 which acts inan autocrine fashion to stimulate cell proliferation. Thus IL-6 may beused as a targeting moiety for myeloma.

In another example, the targeting moiety is melanoma stimulating hormone(MSH) which binds to the MSH receptor which is expressed in high numbersin melanoma cells.

It is appreciated that a person skilled in the art can readily selectsuitable binding partners for any given unwanted cell, for example byidentifying surface antigens or molecules specific for that unwantedcell and finding a binding partner for that antigen or molecule.Considerable research has already been carried out on antibodies andfragments thereof to tumour-associated antigens, immune cell antigensand infectious agents, as described above. Thus, conveniently, selectingan appropriate targeting moiety for a given cell type typically involvessearching the literature. Alternatively, an unwanted cell is taken froma patient (e.g. by biopsy), and antibodies directed against the cellprepared. Such ‘tailor-made’ antibodies are already known. It has beendemonstrated that antibodies confer binding to tumour cells not onlyfrom the patient they have been obtained from but also for a largenumber of other patients. Thus, a plurality of such antibodies hasbecome commercially available. Other methods of identifying suitablebinding partners for a given unwanted cell include genetic approaches(eg microarray), proteomic approaches (eg differential Massspectrometry), immunological approaches (eg immunising animals withtumour cells and identifying antibody-secreting clones whichspecifically target malignant cells) and in silico approaches whereintargets are identified using a systems biology approach.

Further selective targets and suitable binding partners are shown inTable 2.

TABLE 2 Binding partners for tumour-selective targets and tumour-associated antigens Target Binding Partner Disease Truncated EGFRanti-EGFR mAb Gliomas Idiotypes anti-id mAbs B-cell lymphomas EGFR(c-erbB1) EGF, TGFα anti-EGFR Breast cancer mAb c-erbB2 mAbs Breastcancer IL-2 receptor IL-2 Lymphomas and anti-Tac mAb leukaemias IL-4receptor IL-4 Lymphomas and leukaemias IL-6 receptor IL-6 Lymphomas andleukaemias MSH (melanocyte- α-MSH Melanomas stimulating hormone)receptor Transferrin receptor Transferrin anti-TR Gliomas (TR) mAbgp95/gp97 mAbs Melanomas p-glycoprotein cells mAbs drug-resistantcluster-1 antigen (N- mAbs Small cell lung CAM) carcinomas cluster-w4mAbs Small cell lung carcinomas cluster-5A mAbs Small cell lungcarcinomas cluster-6 (LeY) mAbs Small cell lung carcinomas PLAP(placental mAbs Some seminomas alkaline phosphatase) Some ovarian; somenon small cell lung cancer CA-125 mAbs Lung, ovarian ESA (epithelialspecific mAbs carcinoma antigen) CD 19, 22, 37 mAbs B-cell lymphomas 250kDa mAbs Melanoma proteoglycan p55 mAbs Breast cancer TCR-IgH fusionmAbs Childhood T-cell leukaemia Blood gp A antigen (in mAbs Gastric andcolon B or O individuals) tumours Mucin protein core mAbs Breast cancer

Further targets useful in preventing or treating various cancers areprovided below.

Target Cancer EpCam Bladder PMSA Prostate EGFR Breast Lung GlioblastomaColon CD20 Lymphoma CD22 Lymphoma CD52 Lymphoma Leukaemia

Yet further selective targets useful for preventing or treating variousconditions characterised by the presence of unwanted cells are providedbelow. For all of the examples below, therapeutic antibodies are alreadyavailable or can be readily prepared by the skilled person.

Target Unwanted cell Activin A Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma,sarcoma and leukaemia activin A, activin B and inhibin B Many types ofcarcinoma, lymphoma, sarcoma and leukaemia Adenocarcinoma antigen Manytypes of carcinoma, AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) Many types of carcinoma,amyloid beta (Abeta) Alzheimer's Disease amyloid beta (Abeta) peptideAβ40 Alzheimer's Disease amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide soluble monomerAlzheimer's Disease amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides Aβ42 and Aβ40Alzheimer's Disease ANGPT2 (Ang2, angiopoietin 2) Multiple carcinomasN-glycolyl GM3 ganglioside (N- Brain tumours glycolylneuraminic acid(NeuGc, NGNA) GM3 gangliosides, NeuGcGM3) Mus musculus IgM- kappa P3 BSG(basigin, Ok blood group, CD147) Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma,sarcoma and leukaemia CA 72-4 (tumour associated glycoprotein 72, Manytypes of carcinoma, TAG-72, TAG, HMW mucin-like glycoprotein) CA9(carbonic anhydrase IX, CAIX, MN, G250) Many types of carcinoma,carcinoma associated antigen CTAA16.88 Many types of carcinoma, (complexof cytokeratin polypeptides (35-40 kDa)) CCL11 (chemokine (C-C motif)ligand 11, Many types of carcinoma and chemokine CC 11, eotaxin1)lymphoma/leukaemia CCL2 (chemokine (C-C motif) 2, chemokine CC Manytypes of carcinoma and 2, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MCP-1,lymphoma/leukaemia monocyte chemotactic and activating factor, MCAF,small inducible cytokine A2, SCYA2, HC11) CCR4 (chemokine (C-C motif)receptor 4, Many types of carcinoma and chemokine CC receptor 4, CCR-4,CKR4, k5-5, lymphoma/leukaemia CD194) CD14 Many types of carcinoma andlymphoma/leukaemia CD15 (3-fucosyl-N-acetyl-lactosamine, Lewis x, Manytypes of carcinoma and stage-specific embryonic antigen 1, SSEA-1)lymphoma/leukaemia CD19 (B lymphocyte surface antigen B4, Leu- Lymphomaand Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 12) CD2 (lymphocyte function-antigen2, LFA-2) T-cell and NK-cell lymphoma CD200 (OX-2) T-cell and NK-celllymphoma CD22 (sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 2, Lymphoma and Acutelymphoblastic leukaemia SIGLEC2, SIGLEC-2, B-lymphocyte cell adhesionmolecule, BL-CAM, Leu-14 CD33 (sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 3,Myeloid leukaemia and Stem cells SIGLEC3, SIGLEC-3, gpG7, p67) CD38(ADP-ribosyl cyclase 1, cyclic ADP- Myeloid leukaemia and many types ofribose hydrolase 1, cADPr hydrolase 1, T10) carcinoma CD40 (tumornecrosis factor receptor Lymphoma and many types of carcinomasuperfamily member 5, TNFRSF5, p50) CD40LG (CD40 ligand, CD40L, tumornecrosis Lymphoma and many types of carcinoma factor ligand superfamilymember 5, TNFSF5, tumor necrosis factor related activation protein,TRAP, CD154) CD44 (homing function and Indian blood group Myeloidleukaemia and many types of system, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 8,carcinoma including cancer stem cells CSPG8) CD5 (T1, LEU-1) T-celllymphoma, T-cells and B-cell lymphomas such as chronic lymphocyticleukaemia. CD52 T-cell lymphoma, T-cells and B-cell lymphomas.Autoimmune induced immune cells may also be targeted. CD6 (Tp120) T-celllymphoma, T-cells and B-cell lymphomas such as chronic lymphocyticleukaemia. CD70 (tumor necrosis factor superfamily Lymphoma and manytypes of carcinoma member 7, TNFSF7, CD27LG, CD27L) CD74 (majorhistocompatibility class II invariant Lymphoma and many types ofcarcinoma chain, MH2) CD80 (B7-1, CD28LG1) Lymphoma and many types ofcarcinoma CD86 (B7-2, CD28LG2) Lymphoma and many types of carcinoma CEA(anticarcinoembryonic antigen) Many types of carcinoma, CEACAM3(carcinoembryonic antigen-related Many types of carcinoma, cell adhesionmolecule 3, CGM1, CD66d) CEACAM5 (carcinoembryonic antigen-related Manytypes of carcinoma, cell adhesion molecule 5, CEA, CD66e) CEACAM8(carcinoembryonic antigen-related Many types of carcinoma, cell adhesionmolecule 8, NCA-95, nonspecific cross-reacting antigen 95 kDa,granulocyte cell antigen, CGM6, CD66b) ClfA (Clumping factor A) Manytypes of carcinoma, complement C3b, C4b Many types of unwanted cells.CSF2 (colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte- Myeloid diseasesmacrophage), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, GM-CSF)CSF2RA (colony-stimulating factor Myeloid diseases2(granulocyte-macrophage) receptor alpha subunit, GM-CSF-R-alpha, CD116)CSPG4 (chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4, Many types of carcinoma,lymphoma, sarcoma high molecular weight-melanoma-associated andleukaemia antigen, HMW-MAA) CTLA4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associatedRegulatory T-cells and unwanted immune cells. antigen 4, CD152) ED-B(fibronectin extra domain B) Many types of carcinoma, EGFR (epidermalgrowth factor receptor, Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma, sarcomareceptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-1, and leukaemia ERBB1, HER1,HER-1, ERBB) EPCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule, Many types ofcarcinoma, lymphoma, sarcoma tumor-associated calcium signal transducer1, and leukaemia TACSTD1, gastrointestinal tumor-associated protein 2,GA733-2, epithelial glycoprotein 2, EGP-2, epithelial cell adhesionmolecule, Ep- CAM, KSA, KS1/4 antigen, M4S, tumor antigen 17-1A, EpCAM,CD326) ERBB2 (epidermal growth factor receptor 2, Many types ofcarcinoma, lymphoma, sarcoma receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2,and leukaemia EGFR2, HER2, HER-2, p185c-erbB2, NEU, CD340 ERBB3(receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB- Many types of carcinoma,lymphoma, sarcoma 3, HER3) and leukaemia FAP (fibroblast activationprotein, alpha) Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma, sarcoma andleukaemia. FCER2 (immunoglobulin E Fc receptor low Many types ofcarcinoma, lymphoma, sarcoma affinity II, Fc epsilon RII, CD23) andleukaemia in B-cells. FCGR1 (immunoglobulin G Fc receptor high Manytypes of carcinoma, lymphoma, sarcoma affinity I, Fc gamma RI, CD64,encoded by and leukaemia. human FCGR1A, FCGR1B, FCGR1C) fibrin II betachain (NH2 terminus) Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma, sarcoma andleukaemia. FLT1 (fms-related tyrosine kinase 1, vascular Many types ofcarcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, endothelial growth factor receptor 1,VEGFR-1, sarcoma and leukaemia. In particular tumour VEGFR, FLT, FRT,vascular permeability factor blood vessels. receptor) FOLH1 (folatehydrolase, prostate specific Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma, sarcomamembrane antigen, PSMA) and leukaemia in particular prostate carcinomaand unwanted prostate tissue. FOLR1 (folate receptor 1, folate receptorFR Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma, sarcoma alpha, FR-alpha, adultfolate-binding protein, and leukaemia FBP, ovarian tumor-associatedantigen MOv18) GD2 ganglioside Brain tumours and unwanted neuronaltissue. GD3 ganglioside Brain tumours and unwanted neuronal tissue.GLP1R (glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor) Many types of carcinoma,lymphoma, sarcoma and leukaemia GPNMB (glycoprotein transmembrane NMB,Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma, sarcoma hematopoeitic growth factorinducible and leukaemia neurokinin-1 type, HGFIN) hapten NP-cap(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenacetyl Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma, sarcomacaproic acid) and leukaemia HAVCR1 (hepatitis A virus cellular receptor1, Hepatitis A infected cells. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 1, TIM1, KIM-1) HBV (hepatitis B virus) HBV infectedcells HCMV (human cytomegalovirus) gB CMV infected cells. glycoproteinHCV (hepatitis C virus) HCV infected cells heat shock protein 90 homologMany types of carcinoma, lymphoma, sarcoma and leukaemia HGF (hepatocytegrowth factor, scatter factor, Hepatoma and hepatocellular carcinoma.Also SF, hepatopoeitin A) unwanted hepatic tissue. HIV-1 (humanimmunodeficiency virus) HIV infected cells HLA-DR10 (DRB1*1001)Autologous or Allogeneic MHC Class-II expressing cells including tumourcells HLA-DRB (HLA-DR beta) Autologous or Allogeneic MHC Class-IIexpressing cells including tumour cells HSV (herpes simplex virus) HSVinfected cells ICAM1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1, Many types ofcarcinoma, lymphoma, sarcoma ICAM-1, CD54) and leukaemia ICAM3(intercellular adhesion molecule 3, Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma,sarcoma ICAM-3, CD50) and leukaemia Membrane Immunoglobulin IgE IgEsecreting B-cells and Plasma cells (cuasing allergic disease). IgE FcIgE secreting B-cells and Plasma cells (cuasing allergic disease). 1GF1R(insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, Most types of carcinoma,lymphoma, sarcoma IGF1-R, IGF-1R, CD221) and leukaemia IGHE connectingregion (CO) M1 prime (in IgE secreting cells such as B-cells and plasmaalternatively spliced heavy chain of membrane cells. Particularlyunwanted in allergic disease. IgE on B cells IL2RA (interleukin-2receptor, alpha subunit, IL- B-cells and T-cells in either malignant or2RA, TAC, CD25) autoimmune disease. IL2RB (interleukin-2 receptor betasubunit, IL- B-cells and T-cells in either malignant or 2RB, p70, CD122)autoimmune disease. IL5RA (interleukin 5 receptor alpha subunit, B-cellsand T-cells in either malignant or CD125) autoimmune disease. IL6R(interleukin 6 receptor, IL-6R, CD126) B-cells and T-cells in eithermalignant or autoimmune disease. ITGA2 {integrin alpha 2, GPla, subunitof the Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma, alpha2beta1 integrin (VLA-2,collagen leukaemias. receptor), CD49b) ITGA2B_ITGB3 (integrinalpha2b_beta3, Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma, integrin αIIbα3,GPIIbIIIa, fibrinogen receptor, leukaemias. CD41_CD61) ITGA4 (integrinalpha 4 subunit, CD49d) Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma, leukaemias.ITGA4_ITGB7 (integrin alpha4_beta7, integrin Many types of carcinoma,lymphoma, α4β7, lymphocyte Peyer's patch adhesion leukaemias. molecule1, LPAM-1) ITGA5 (integrin alpha 5 subunit, CD49e) Many types ofcarcinoma, lymphoma, leukaemias. ITGAE_ITGB7 (integrin alphaE_beta7,integrin Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma, αEβ7, human mucosallymphocyte antigen 1, leukaemias. HML-1) ITGAL (integrin alpha Lsubunit, lymphocyte Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma, functionassociated antigen 1, CD11a) leukaemias. ITGAV_ITGB3 (integrinalphaV_beta3, integrin Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma, aVβ3,CD51_GPIIIa, vitronectin receptor, VNR, leukaemias. CD51_CD61 ITGB1(integrin beta1 subunit, GPIIa, CD29) Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma,leukaemias. ITGB2 (integrin beta2 subunit, LFA-1, MAC-1, Many types ofcarcinoma, lymphoma, CD18) leukaemias. KDR (kinase insert domainreceptor, vascular Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma, endothelial growthfactor receptor 2, VEGFR2, leukaemias. VEGF-R2, FLK1, CD309) LTA(lymphotoxin alpha, TNF superfamily Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma,member 1, TNFSF1, LT) leukaemias. LTB (lymphotoxin beta, TNF superfamilyMany types of carcinoma, lymphoma, member 3, TNFSF3, p33) leukaemias.MET (met proto-oncogene, hepatocyte growth Many types of carcinoma,lymphoma, factor HGF receptor, HGFR, scatter factor SF leukaemias.receptor, HGF/SF receptor, tyrosine protein kinase c-met, papillaryrenal cell carcinoma 2, RCCP2) MS4A1 (membrane-spanning 4-domains Manytypes of carcinoma, lymphoma, subfamily A member 1, CD20) leukaemias.MSLN (mesothelin, pre-pro-megakaryocyte- Many types of carcinoma,lymphoma, potentiating factor, megakaryocyte potentiating leukaemias.factor, MPF, CAK1) MST1R (macrophage stimulating 1 receptor, Many typesof carcinoma, lymphoma, macrophage stimulating protein receptor, MSPleukaemias. receptor, c-met-related tyrosine kinase, protein- tyrosinekinase 8, PTK8, RON, p185-Ron, CD136) MSTN (myostatin, growthdifferentiation factor Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma, 8, GDF8)leukaemias. MUC1 (mucin 1, polymorphic epithelial mucin, Many types ofcarcinoma, lymphoma, PEM, episialin, CD227) leukaemias. MUC1 sialylatedcarbohydrate, tumour- Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma, associated(CA242, cancer antigen 242) leukaemias. MUC16 (mucin 16, MUC-16, cancerantigen Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma, 125, CA125) leukaemias.MUC5AC (mucin 5AC, mucin 5 subtypes A and Many types of carcinoma,lymphoma, C tracheobronchial/gastric) leukaemias. N-glycolyl GM3ganglioside (N- Brain tumours and unwanted neural tissue.glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc, NGNA) GM3 ganglioside, NeuGcGM3) NCA-90(nonspecific cross-reacting antigens Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma,sarcoma 90 kDa glycoproteins, granulocyte cell antigen) and leukaemiaNCAM1 (neural cell adhesion molecule 1, Brain tumours and unwantedneural tissue also NCAM-1, NCAM, CD56) many types of carcinoma andlymphoma. Nectin-4 Many types of carcinoma, lymphoma, sarcoma andleukaemia NGF (nerve growth factor, nerve growth factor Many types ofcarcinoma, lymphoma, sarcoma beta polypeptide, NGFB, beta-NGF) andleukaemia NIP-cap (3-iodo-4-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl-acetyl Many types ofcarcinoma, lymphoma, sarcoma caproic acid) and leukaemia NRP1(neuropilin 1, NRP, vascular endothelial Many types of carcinoma,lymphoma, sarcoma cell growth factor 165 receptor, VEGF165 and leukaemiareceptor, VEGF165R, CD304) PDGFRA (platelet-derived growth factor Manytypes of carcinoma, lymphoma, sarcoma receptor alpha subunit, PDGFR2,CD140a) and leukaemia phosphatidylserine Many types of carcinoma,lymphoma, sarcoma and leukaemia particularly apoptotic cells. PSCA(prostate stem cell antigen) Many types of carcinoma and leukaemia. RSV(human respiratory syncytial virus, RSV infected cells glycoprotein F)RTN4 (reticulon 4, neurite outgrowth inhibitor, Many types of carcinoma,lymphoma, sarcoma NOGO) and leukaemia SDC1 (syndecan-1, CD138) Unwantedplasma cells found in plasma cell dyscrasias, particularly Myeloma,Amyloidosis and MGUS. SELE (E-selectin, CD62E) Many types of carcinomaand lymphoma. SELL (L-selectin, CD62) Many types of carcinoma andlymphoma. SELP (P-selectin, CD62) Many types of carcinoma and lymphoma.SFRP1 (selected frizzled-related protein 1, Many types of carcinoma andlymphoma. fusion regulatory protein 1, FRP-1) SLAMF7 (SLAM family member7, CD2 subset Many types of unwanted cells including tumour 1, CS1,CD2-like receptor-activating cytotoxic cells and those involved inautoimmune cells, CRACC, 19A24, CD319) disease. SLC3A2 (solute carrierfamily 3 (activators of Many types of unwanted cells including tumourdibasic and neutral amino acid transport) cells and those involved ininflammatory member 2, 4F2 antigen heavy chain, 4F2HC, disease. CD98heavy chain, CD98hc, CD98) SOST (sclerostin) Bone disease includingoesteosarcoma and osteoporosis. Staphylococcus epidermidis lipoteichoicacid Staphylococcus infected tissue. T cell receptor (TR) TR alpha_betaT-cell lymphoma or autoimmune-causing T- cells. TGFB1 (transforminggrowth factor beta1, TGF Many types of unwanted cells including tumourbeta) cells and those involved in fibrotic disease. TGFB2 (transforminggrowth factor beta 2) Many types of unwanted cells including tumourcells and those involved in fibrotic disease. TNF (tumor necrosis factor(TNF) superfamily Many types of unwanted cells including tumour member2, TNFSF2, TNF-alpha, TNFA) cells and those involved in inflammatorydisease. TNFRSF10A (tumor necrosis factor receptor Many types ofunwanted cells including tumour (TNFR) superfamily member 10A, deathcells and those involved in inflammatory receptor 4, DR4, TNF-relatedapoptosis- disease. inducing ligand receptor 1, TRAILR1, TRAIL- R1,TR-1, CD261) TNFRSF10B (tumor necrosis factor receptor Many types ofunwanted cells including tumour (TNFR) superfamily member 10B, deathcells and those involved in inflammatory receptor 5, DR5, TNF-relatedapoptosis- disease. inducing ligand receptor 2, TRAILR2, TRAIL- R2,TR-2, CD262) TNFRSF12A (tumor necrosis factor receptor Many types ofunwanted cells including tumour (TNFR) superfamily member 12A,fibroblast cells and those involved in inflammatory growth factor(FGF)-inducible 14 kDa protein, disease. Fn14, TNF-like weak inducer ofapoptosis (Tweak) receptor, Tweak receptor, TweakR, CD266 TNFRSF8 (tumornecrosis factor receptor Many types of unwanted cells including tumour(TNFR) superfamily member 8, CD30) cells (in particular lymphoma) andthose involved in inflammatory disease. TNFRSF9 (tumor necrosis factorreceptor Many types of unwanted cells including tumour (TNFR)superfamily member 9, 4-1BB, T cell cells and those involved ininflammatory and antigen ILA, CD137 autoimmune disease. INFSF11 (tumornecrosis factor (TNF) Many types of unwanted cells including tumoursuperfamily member 11, osteoclast cells and those involved ininflammatory and differentiation factor, ODF, OPGL, RANKL, autoimmunedisease. TRANCE, CD254) TNFSF13 (tumor necrosis factor (TNF) Many typesof unwanted cells including tumour superfamily member 13, aproliferation- cells and those involved in inflammatory and includingligand, APRIL, CD256 autoimmune disease. TNFSF13B (tumor necrosis factor(TNF) Many types of unwanted cells including tumour superfamily member13B, B cell activating cells and those involved in inflammatory andfactor, BAFF, TALL1, BLyS, B lymphocyte autoimmune disease. activator,CD257) TNFSF14 (tumor necrosis factor (TNF) Many types of unwanted cellsincluding tumour superfamily member 14, LIGHT, HVEM-L, cells and thoseinvolved in inflammatory and CD258) autoimmune disease. TNFSF4 (tumornecrosis factor (TNF) Many types of unwanted cells including tumoursuperfamily member 4, OX40 ligand, OX-40L, cells and those involved ininflammatory and TAX transcriptionally-activated glycoprotein 1,autoimmune disease. TXGP1, gp34, CD252) TPBG (trophoblast glycoprotein,5T4) Multiple carcinomas. TYRP1 (tyrosinase-related protein 1, 5,6-Multiple carcinomas. dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase, DHICAoxidase, TRP1, melanoma antigen gp75) VAP-1 (vascular adhesion protein)Multiple carcinomas and hepatomas. VEGFA (vascular endothelial growthfactor A, Multiple carcinomas and hepatomas. VEGF-A, VEGF) VIM(vimentin) Multiple carcinomas and hepatomas.

As used herein, the term “antibody” includes but is not limited topolyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, single chain, Fab fragments, fragmentsproduced by a Fab expression library and bispecific antibodies. Suchfragments include fragments of whole antibodies which retain theirbinding activity for a target substance, Fv, F(ab′) and F(ab′)2fragments, as well as single chain antibodies (scFv), fusion proteinsand other synthetic proteins which comprise the antigen-binding site ofthe antibody. A targeting moiety comprising only part of an antibody maybe advantageous by virtue of optimising the rate of clearance from theblood and may be less likely to undergo non-specific binding due to theFc part. Also included are domain antibodies (dAbs), diabodies, camelidantibodies and engineered camelid antibodies. Furthermore, foradministration to humans, the antibodies and fragments thereof may behumanised antibodies, which are now well known in the art (Janeway et al(2001) Immunobiology., 5th ed., Garland Publishing); An et al (2009)Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies: From Bench to Clinic, ISBN:978-0-470-11791-0).

Also included are asymmetric IgG-like antibodies (eg triomab/quadroma,Trion Pharma/Fresenius Biotech; knobs-into-holes, Genentech; Cross MAbs,Roche; electrostatically matched antibodies, AMGEN; LUZ-Y, Genentech;strand exchange engineered domain (SEED) body, EMD Serono; biolonic,Merus; and Fab-exchanged antibodies, Genmab), symmetric IgG-likeantibodies (eg dual targeting (DT)-Ig, GSK/Domantis; two-in-oneantibody, Genentech; crosslinked MAbs, karmanos cancer center; mAb²,F-star; and Coy X-body, Coy X/Pfizer), IgG fusions (eg dual variabledomain (DVD)-Ig, Abbott; IgG-like bispecific antibodies, Eli Lilly;Ts2Ab, Medimmune/AZ; BsAb, ZymoGenetics; HERCULES, Biogen Idec; TvAb,Roche) Fc fusions (eg ScFv/Fc fusions, Academic Institution; SCORPION,Emergent BioSolutions/Trubion, ZymoGenetics/BMS; dual affinityretargeting technology (Fc-DART), MacroGenics; dual (ScFv)₂-Fab,National Research Center for Antibody Medicine) Fab fusions (eg F(ab)₂,Medarex/AMGEN; dual-action or Bis-Fab, Genentech; Dock-and-Lock (DNL),ImmunoMedics; bivalent bispecific, Biotechnol; and Fab-Fv,UCB-Celltech), ScFv- and diabody-based antibodies (eg bispecific T cellengagers (BiTEs), Micromet; tandem diabodies (Tandab), Affimed; DARTs,MacroGenics; Single-chain diabody, Academic; TCR-like antibodies, AIT,Receptor Logics; human serum albumin ScFv fusion, Merrimack; andCOMBODIES, Epigen Biotech), IgG/non-IgG fusions (eg immunocytokins,EMDSerono, Philogen, ImmunGene, ImmunoMedics; superantigen fusionprotein, Active Biotech; and immune mobilising mTCR Against Cancer,ImmTAC) and oligoclonal antibodies (eg Symphogen and Merus).

The antibody may possess any of the antibody-like scaffolds described byCarter (2006) “Potent antibody therapeutics by design”, Nat Rev Immunol.6(5): 343-57, and Carter (2011) “Introduction to current and futureprotein therapeutics: a protein engineering perspective”, Exp Cell Res.317(9): 1261-9. incorporated herein by reference, together with thespecificity determining regions described herein. Thus, the term“antibody” also includes affibodies and non-immunoglobulin basedframeworks. Examples include adnectins, anticalins, affilins,trans-bodies, darpins, trimerX, microproteins, fynomers, avimers,centgrins and kalbitor (ecatlantide).

The advantages of using antibody fragments, rather than wholeantibodies, are several-fold. The smaller size of the fragments may leadto improved pharmacological properties, such as better penetration ofsolid tissue. Moreover, antigen-binding fragments such as Fab, Fv, ScFvand dAb antibody fragments can be expressed in and secreted from E. colior yeast, thus allowing convenient production in the laboratory andeconomical production on a commercial scale.

The antibody may be of any of the IgG, IgE, IgA, IgM and IgD classes andmay be derived from any species. If the antibody is an IgG, it may beany of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4. It is preferred, however, that when theagent is for administration to a particular host, that the antibody, orat least the constant regions thereof, are derived from that host. Forexample, when the agent is to be administered to a human, the antibodyis preferably a human antibody or a humanized antibody, and so on.

Suitable antibodies that bind to particular antigens expressed byunwanted cells can be made by the skilled person using technologylong-established in the art. Methods of preparation of monoclonalantibodies and antibody fragments are well known in the art and includehybridoma technology (Kohler & Milstein (1975) “Continuous cultures offused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature 256:495-497); antibody phage display (Winter et al (1994) “Making antibodiesby phage display technology.” Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12: 433-455); ribosomedisplay (Schaffitzel et al (1999) “Ribosome display: an in vitro methodfor selection and evolution of antibodies from libraries.” J. Immunol.Methods 231: 119-135); and iterative colony filter screening (Giovannoniet al (2001) “Isolation of anti-angiogenesis antibodies from a largecombinatorial repertoire by colony filter screening.” Nucleic Acids Res.29: E27). Further, antibodies and antibody fragments suitable for use inthe present invention are described, for example, in the followingpublications: “Monoclonal Hybridoma Antibodies: Techniques andApplication”, Hurrell (CRC Press, 1982); “Monoclonal Antibodies: AManual of Techniques”, H. Zola, CRC Press, 1987, ISBN: 0-84936-476-0;“Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual” 1^(st) Edition, Harlow & Lane, Eds,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 1988. ISBN 0-87969-314-2;“Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual” 2^(nd) Edition, Harlow & Lane,Eds, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 1999. ISBN0-87969-543-9; and “Handbook of Therapeutic Antibodies” Stefan Dübel,Ed., 1^(st) Edition,—Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2007. ISBN: 3-527-31453-9.

As an alternative to the targeting moiety being a specific bindingpartner, the targeting moiety may be a non-specific molecule that iscapable, following administration to a subject, of accumulating in thevicinity of the unwanted cells. For example, it is known thatmacromolecules accumulate non-specifically in tumours. Macromoleculesknown to accumulate in tumours non-specifically include albumin,immunoglobulins, transferrin, liposomes, nanoparticles (eg colloidalnanoparticles) and biodegradable polymers including dextrans,polyethylene glycol, polylysine and hydroxypropylmethylacrylamide.Macromolecules accumulate in human xenografted tumours in nude mice upto about 2.0% of administered dose per gram of tumour. Macromoleculessuch as polyethylene glycol and dextrans have been found to modify theclearance rate of substances to which they are attached and modify theirconcentration in tumours (Melton et al, 1987; Eno-Ammoquaye et al,1996). In exceptional tumours, a non-specific macromolecule mayaccumulate in greater concentration than an antibody directed at thesecreted antigen (Searle et al, 1981).

The discovery that such macromolecules accumulate in tumours has beencalled the Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect, and hasbeen attributed to the leakiness of tumour capillaries and deficientlymphatic drainage (Matsumura & Macda, 1986).

Thus, when the unwanted cells are tumour cells, the targeting moiety maybe any of these macromolecules which accumulate in tumours. Preferably,the macromolecule used in the invention is hydrophilic and ischaracterised by being soluble in body fluids and in conventional fluidsfor parenteral administration. Suitably, the macromolecule isbiodegradable so that systemic accumulation during repeatedadministration is avoided. Clearly, however, it must not be degraded sofast as to fail to accumulate at the site of the unwanted cells (e.g.tumour). Preferably, the molecular weight and size of the agentcomprising such a macromolecule targeting moiety exceeds that of therenal threshold for urinary excretion (MW 60 000), as this helps theblood concentration to be sufficient to provide an effectiveblood:tumour concentration gradient. A molecular weight of up to atleast 800 000 is generally suitable, for example up to 160 000. Themacromolecule is preferably one which is not readily captured by thereticuloendothelial system. The molecular weights given exclude anywater of hydration.

Macromolecules that are available as sub-units and are not biodegradablemay be linked by biodegradable linking units so that thenon-biodegradable components are filtered through the kidneys andexcreted in the urine.

Alternatively, it is preferred if the polymer used to make themacromolecule is not biodegradable such that the molecular weight of anynon-biodegradable portion of the conjugate should be less than the renalthreshold (circa 70000) so that after degradation of the biodegradableportion the residual non-biodegradeable portion is excreted through thekidneys.

Conveniently, the macromolecule may be any of a dextran; a polyaminoacid; a nanoparticle (eg colloidal nanoparticle), or anon-tumour-specific protein such as an immunoglobulin, an albumin or atransferrin. Suitably, it may be a copolymer of styrene and maleicanhydride, or may be polyaspartic acid, poly-L-lysine, polyethyleneimineor polyethylene glycol.

It is appreciated that such macromolecules are used inmelanocyte-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (MDEPT), as described in WO1998/024478.

Unwanted Cell

The unwanted cell may be any cell whose presence in a host is undesired.Thus, the cell may be a tumour cell (benign or malignant), a cell from atumour microenvironment such as tumour fibroblasts or tumour bloodvessels, a virally infected cell, a cell introduced as part of genetherapy, or a normal cell which one wishes to destroy for a particularreason. For instance, it may be desirable to eliminate a subpopulationof immune cells such as T lymphocytes in autoimmune disease or such as Blymphocytes in allergic disease.

By a ‘condition characterised by the presence of unwanted cells’ weinclude any biological or medical condition or disorder in which atleast part of the pathology is mediated by the presence of unwantedcells. The condition may be caused by the presence of the unwanted cellsor else the presence of the unwanted cells may be an effect of thecondition. Examples of particular conditions include tumours (benign ormalignant), autoimmune conditions, cardiovascular diseases, degenerativediseases, diabetes, allergic disease (eg asthma), neurodegenerativediseases such as Alzheimer's, transplantation patients and infectiousdiseases. It will be appreciated that the agent also has utility inregenerative medicine (eg laboratory grown organs or tissues). It isparticularly preferred if the condition is a tumour (eg a malignantdisease) and the unwanted cells are tumour cells or tumour associatedtissue.

For autoimmune disease, the unwanted cells may represent cells of theadaptive or innate immune response, preferably T cells, but morepreferably B cells. For cardiovascular disease, the unwanted cells mayrepresent cells within atheromatous lesions such as macrophages. Fordegenerative diseases, the unwanted cells may represent cells whichinduce the neurodegenerative changes, for instance in Alzheimer'sdisease they may be microglia or astrocytes. For other degenerativediseases any cell which facilitates the process of degeneration orapoptosis may be considered a target.

For processes such as aging where unwanted tissue builds up, for examplein benign prostatic hyperplasis, non-malignant prostatic tissue would bea preferred target. For allergic disease, cells which participate in theallergic reaction such as tissue mast cells may be considered an idealtarget, but also IgE secreting cells such as plasma cells or B cells. Intransplantation, alloreactive lymphocytes would represent a preferredtarget cell. In the context of infectious disease, any cell harbouring avirus, bacteria or fungal pathogen may be considered a preferred targetcell for example an HIV infected cell. In an embodiment the unwantedcell is not an antigen presenting cell such as a professional antigenpresenting cell with cross-presentation capability.

T Cell Antigen

By a ‘T cell antigen’ we include the meaning of any antigen which can bepresented to a T cell so as to elicit a T cell response. For example,the T cell antigen may be presented to a T cell by an MHC molecule or bya Group I CD1 molecule. Once the antigen is presented on the surface ofthe cell, the cell is recognised as foreign and becomes the target of Tcells, some of which have the natural function of eliminating foreigncells either infected by foreign organisms such as viruses, fungi,bacteria, mycobacteria or protozoa, or which have become cancerous (egmalignant). Thus, it will be appreciated that the T cell antigen may beone that is capable of being presented by a molecule on an unwantedcell. It is possible, however, that the T cell antigen may be presentedon a cell other than an unwanted cell but still in the vicinity of anunwanted cell, and by virtue of subsequent T cell activation, anunwanted cell is killed, for example by local production of cytokines byactivated T cells. Such indirect killing may be desirable, for exampleto target tumour blood vessels and/or stromal cells which support tumourgrowth.

It will be appreciated that the T cell antigen is one that can elicit anexisting T cell response in the subject to which the agent of theinvention is administered. Typically, the T cell antigen is not onewhich generates a new primary T cell response for that antigen viacross-presentation in APCs. To put it another way, the T cell antigen isone to which a number of T cells in the subject are already sensitisedto. Determining whether a subject's cells are sensitised to a givenantigen can be done by contacting isolated peripheral mononuclear bloodcells from the subject with the antigen and using standard assays forcell proliferation, as described further below and in the Examples.

In an embodiment, the agent of the invention is not one which generatesa new T cell response specific for the T cell antigen contained in it.Accordingly, the invention includes an agent for preventing or treatinga condition characterised by the presence of unwanted cells, the agentcomprising (i) a targeting moiety that is capable of targeting to theunwanted cells; and (ii) a T cell antigen, wherein the T cell antigencan be released from the targeting moiety by selective cleavage of acleavage site in the agent in the vicinity of the unwanted cells, andwherein the T cell antigen is capable of eliciting an existing T cellresponse in a subject.

By ‘T cell’, we include all types of T cell including CD4+, CD8+, γδ, Tcells, and NK-T cells. Preferably, the T cell is a cytotoxic T cell suchthat a cytotoxic T cell response is elicited.

As is known in the art, the mechanism of antigen presentation willdepend upon the type of T cell. Generally, CD4+ T cells recognisepeptide antigens bound to MHC Class II molecules, CD8+ T cells recognisepeptide antigens bound to MHC Class I molecules, γδ T cells recognisesmall phosphorylated molecules, alkyl amines or lipids bound to group ICD1 molecules, and NK-T cells recognise lipid antigens bound to group ICD1 molecules. It is understood that any presentation route may be usedprovided that the antigen elicits a T cell response. Thus, the T cellantigen may be one that is capable of binding to an MHC Class I or MHCClass II molecule, or one that is capable of binding to a group I CD1molecule.

Preferably, the T cell antigen is an immunodominant antigen (eg anantigen that elicits an existing immunodominant response). By‘immunodominant’ we include the meaning that the antigen elicits a Tcell response with high magnitude, sensitivity, tissue homingcharacteristics and efficiency in killing antigen bearing cells.Generally, an immunodominant response comprises more than 0.1% of asubject's CD8⁺ or CD4⁺ T cells. Determining the extent of a T cellresponse for a given antigen can be done for example by contactingisolated peripheral mononuclear blood cells from the subject with theantigen and using standard assays for cell proliferation known in theart. Suitable assays for determining the extent of an immune responseinclude ELISpot, intracellular cytokine staining, HLA-peptide tetramerstaining, proliferation assay, activation assays (eg CD69), CD107mobilisation assays or metabolic assays (eg MTT).

Examples of suitable T cell antigens include any of a peptide, apolypeptide, a phosphopeptide or a lipid such as a phospholipid or asphingolipid, and further examples of each of these are provided below.

When the T cell antigen is a peptide or polypeptide, typically it is onethat is capable of being recognised by a T cell receptor when bound toan MHC molecule. The T cell antigen may be an MHC Class I restrictedantigen that binds only to MHC Class I molecules, or it may be an MHCClass II restricted antigen that binds only to MHC Class II molecules.It is appreciated that the antigen may bind only to particular variantMHC Class I and/or MHC Class II molecules (e.g. natural variants foundin particular subjects), or that the antigen may be capable of bindingto any MHC Class I and/or MHC Class II molecule (i.e. the antigen ispromiscuous).

In one embodiment, the T cell antigen is capable of binding to a MHCClass I molecule such as any of HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C. Since MHC ClassI molecules are expressed on all cell types, this allows to agent of theinvention to redirect an immune response to any unwanted cell. Mostpreferably, the peptide is capable of binding to HLA types A1, A2.1,A3.2, A11, A24, B7, B8, B35, B44, Cw1, Cw2, Cw3, Cw4 and Cw6 or mixturesthereof, which are believed to cover more than 90% of the Caucasian andAsian populations.

In another embodiment, the T cell antigen is capable of binding to a MHCClass II molecule such as any of HLA-DP, HLA-DQ or HLA-DR. Common MHCClass II types include DR1, DR3, DR4, DR7, DR52, DQ1, DQ2, DQ4, DQ8 andDP1. MHC Class II molecules are expressed on immune cells includingantigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells, B cells andmacrophages. Thus, when the T cell antigen is MHC Class II restricted,the agent of the invention may be used to treat conditions such aslymphomas or autoimmune diseases.

An example of a promiscuous peptide that may be used is the PADRE MHCClass-11 epitope defined in Alexander et al (2000) The Journal ofImmunology 164: 1625-1633; aKXVAAWTLKAAaZC (a=d-Alanine,X=L-cyclohexylalanine, Z=aminocaproic acid)) (SEQ ID No: 1). Since thisepitope is artificial, it would first need to be introduced to thepatient in a vaccine to generate an immune response prior toadministering the agent of the invention. Another promiscuous peptidethat may be used is the tetanus fragment C peptide.

Conveniently, the T cell antigen is an immunogenic peptide that isrecognised by an to MHC molecule. Such peptides usually have a length of9 to 22 amino acids (for recognition in the MHC Class II complex) or of8 to 13 amino acids (for recognition in the MHC Class 1 complex).Preferably, the peptide is an immunodominant peptide.

Examples of immunodominant peptides include viral derived peptides thatelicit endogenous anti-viral responses. Thus, the peptide may be derivedfrom an endogenous virus such as Varicella-Zoster virus, Herpes simplexvirus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus, or influenza. Particularlypreferred examples include peptides derived from human cytomegalovirus(CMV or Human herpesvirus 5/HHV5) or Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV or HHV4);herpesviruses such as HHV1, HHV2 and HHV3; influenza virus A; influenzavirus B; rhinovirus; adenovirus; and Hepadnaviridae.

For human cytomegalovirus (HHV5) the immunodominant antigens are wellcharacterised (see Sylwester A W et al J Exp Med. 2005 Sep. 5;202(5):673-85, incorporated herein by reference), and any such antigendescribed in Sylwester et al may be used in the present invention. Inparticular, Sylester et at synthesised consecutive 15mer peptides,overlapping by 10 amino acids, for 213 predicted human CMV proteins.This generated 13,687 peptides that were arranged in ORF or sub-ORFspecific mixes. Peptides derived from ORFs UL55 (gB), UL 83 (pp65), UL86, UL 99 (pp28), UL 122 (1E2), UL 36, UL 48, UL32 (pp150), UL 113,IRS-1, UL 123 (1E1), UL25, UL 141, UL 52 and UL 82 (pp71) were found toelicit the most CD 4+ T cell responses, and so it is particularlypreferred if the peptide is derived from one of these ORFs.Alternatively, peptides derived from ORFs UL48, UL83 (pp66), UL 123(1E1), UL 123 (1E2), US 32, UL 28, US 29, US3, UL 32 (pp150), UL 55(gB), UL 94, UL 69, UL 105, UL 82 (pp71) and UL 99 (pp28) were found toelicit the most CD 8+ T cell responses, and so it is particularlypreferred if the peptide is derived from one of these ORFs.

Particular cytomegalovirus T cell antigens are listed below. CD8+ T cellepitopes for cytomegalovirus antigens such as 1E1 include YILEETSVM (SEQID No: 2), YVLEETSVM (SEQ ID No: 3), VLEETSVML (SEQ ID No: 4), VLAELVKQI(SEQ ID No: 5), ATTFLQTMLR (SEQ ID No: 6), EVISVMKRR (SEQ ID No: 7),CRVLCCYVL (SEQ ID No: 8), ELRRKMMYM (SEQ ID No: 9), ELKRKMIYM (SEQ IDNo: 10), QIKVRVDMV (SEQ ID No: 11), CVETMCNEY (SEQ ID No: 12), RRKMMYMCY(SEQ ID No: 13), KRKMIYMCY (SEQ ID No: 14), RRIEEICMK (SEQ ID No: 15),DELRRKMMY (SEQ ID No: 16), KEVNSQLSL (SEQ ID No: 17), EEAIVAYTL (SEQ IDNo: 18) and FPKTTNGCSQA (SEQ ID No: 19); for pp65 they includeYSEHPTFTSQY (SEQ ID No: 20), NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 21), MLNIPSINV (SEQID No: 22), RIFAELEGV (SEQ ID No: 23), QYDVPAALF (SEQ ID No: 24),FTSQYRIQGKL (SEQ ID No: 25), VYALPLKML (SEQ ID No: 26), QYVKVYLESF (SEQID No: 27), FVFPTKDVALR (SEQ ID No: 28), YTPDSTPCHR (SEQ ID No: 29),DTPVLPHETR (SEQ ID No: 30), TPRVTGGGAM (SEQ ID No: 31), RPHERNGFTVL (SEQID No: 32), IPSINVHHY (SEQ ID No: 33), FPTKDVAL (SEQ ID No: 34),CPSQEPMSIYVY (SEQ ID No: 35), QPSLILVSQY (SEQ ID No: 36), SEHPTFTSQY(SEQ ID No: 37), EFFDANDIY (SEQ ID No: 38); for pp150 they includeTTVYPPSSTAK (SEQ ID No: 39), QTVTSTPVQGR (SEQ ID No: 40), NVRRSWEEL (SEQID No: 41), KARDHLAVL (SEQ ID No: 42); for gB they include RIWCLWCV (SEQID No: 43); and for pp50 they include VTEHDTLLY (SEQ ID No: 44),RGDPFDKNY (SEQ ID No: 45), TVRSHCVSK (SEQ ID No: 46).

CD4+ T cell epitopes for cytomegalovirus antigens such as pp65 includePQYSEHPTFTSQYRIQ (SEQ ID No: 47), FTSQYRIQGKLEYRHT (SEQ ID No: 48),LLQTGIHVRVSQPSL (SEQ ID No: 49), NPQPFMRPHERNGFT (SEQ ID No: 50),EPDVYYTSAFVFPTK (SEQ ID No: 51), IIKPGKISHIMLDVA (SEQ ID No: 52),AGILARNLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 53), KYQEFFWDANDIYRI (SEQ ID No: 54); for gBthey include DYSNTHSTRYV (SEQ ID No: 55), CMLTITTARSKYPYH (SEQ ID No:56), and VFETSGGLVVFWQGI (SEQ ID No: 57); for 1E1 they includeVRVDMVRHRIKEHMLKKYTQ (SEQ ID No: 58) and NYIVPEDKREMWMACIKELH (SEQ IDNo: 59); and for gH they include HELLVLVKKAQL (SEQ ID No: 60).

For Epstein Barr Virus (EBV or HHV4), immunodominant proteins are alsowell characterised and are provided in Hislop A D et al Annu RevImmunol. 2007; 25:587-617 (incorporated herein by reference). A list ofT cell epitopes, adapted from Hislop et al is provided below.

TABLE 3 CD8+ and CD4+T cell epitopes identified in EBV lytic and latent cycleproteins (adapted from Hislop et al) CD8+ T cell epitopes EBV EpitopeEpitope SEQ ID HLA Antigen coordinates sequence No restrictionLatent cycle proteins EBNA1  72-80 RPQKRPSCI  61 B7 407-415 HPVGEADYF 62 B53 407-417 HPVGEADYFEY  63 B35.01 528-536 IPQCRLTPL  64 B7 574-582VLKDAIKDL  65 A2.03 EBNA2  14-23 YHLIVDTDSL  66 B38  42-51 DTPLIPLTIF 67 A2/B51 234-242 RPTELQPTP  68 B55 EBNA3A 158-166 QAKWRLQTL  69 B8176-184 AYSSWMYSY  70 A30.02 246-253 RYSIFFDY  71 A24 325-333 FLRGRAYGL 72 B8 378-387 KRPPIFIRRL  73 B27 379-387 RPPIFIRRL  74 B7 406-414LEKARGSTY  75 B62 450-458 HLAAQGMAY  76 458-466 YPLHEQHGM  77 B35.01491-499 VFSDGRVAC  78 A29 502-510 VPAPAGPIV  79 B7 596-604 SVRDRLARL  80A2 603-611 RLRAEAQVK  81 A3 617-625 VQPPQLTLQV  82 B46 EBNA3B 149-157HRCQAIRKK  83 B27.05 217-225 TYSAGIVQI  84 A24.02 244-254 RRARSLSAERY 85 B27.02 279-287 VSFIEFVGW  86 B58 399-408 AVFDRKSDAK  87 A11 416-424IVTDFSVIK  88 A11 488-496 AVLLHEESM  89 B35.01 657-666 VEITPYKPTW  90B44 EBNA3C 163-171 EGGVGWRHW  91 B44.03 213-222 QNGALAINTF  92 B62249-258 LRGKWQRRYR  93 B27.05 258-266 RRIYDLIEL  94 B27.02/.04/.05271-278 HHIWQNLL  95 B39 281-290 EENLLDFVRF  96 B44.02 284-293LLDFVRFMGV  97 A2.01 285-293 LDFVRFMGV  98 B37 335-343 KEHVIQNAF  99B44.02 343-351 FRKAQIQGL 100 B27.05 881-889  QPRAPIRPI 101 B7 EBNA-LP284-292 SLREWLLRI 102 A2 LMP1  38-46 FWLYIVMSD 103  72-82 FRRDLLCPLGA104 B40 125-133 YLLEMLWRL 105 A2 159-167 YLQQNWWTL 106 A2 166-174TLLVDLLWL 107 A2 375-386 DPHGPVQLSYYD 108 B51.1 LMP2   1-9 MGSLEMVPM 109B35.01  61-75 EDPYWGNGDRHSDYQ 110 121-134 NPVCLPVIVAPYLF 111 125-133LPVIVAPYL 112 B53 131-139 PYLFWLAAI 113 A23 141-154 ASCFTASVSTVVTA 114144-152 FTASVSTW 115 A68 200-208 IEDPPFNSL 116 B40.01 236-244 RRRWRRLTV117 B27.04 237-245 RRWRRLTVC 118 B14.02 240-250 RRLTVCGGIMF 119 B27243-251 TVCGGIMFL 120 A1 249-262 MFLACVLVLIVDAV 121 257-265 LIVDAVLQL122 A2 293-301 GLGTLGAAI 123 A2 329-337 LLWTLVVLL 124 A2.01 340-350SSCSSCPLSKI 125 A11 349-358 ILLARLFLY 126 A29 356-364 FLYALALLL 127 A2419-427 TYGPVFMCL 128 A24 426-434 CLGGLLTMV 129 A2.01 442-45 VMSNTLLSAW130 A25 453-461 LTAGFLIFL 131 A2.06 447-455 LLSAWILTA 132 A2Lytic Cycle Proteins BRLF1  25-39 LVSDYCNVLNKEFT 133 B18  25-33LVSDYCNVL 134 A2.05  28-37 DYCNVLNKEF 135 A24  91-99 AENAGNDAC 136 B45101-115 IACPIVMRYYVLDHLI 137 A24/C2 109-117 YVLDHLIVV 138 A2.01 121-135FFIQAPSNRVMIPAT 139 134-142 ATIGTAMYK 140 A11 145-159 KHSRVRAYTYSKVLG141 A3 225-239 RALIKTLPRASYSSH 142 A2 393-407 ERPIFPHPSKPTFLP 143 Cw4529-543 QKEEAAICGQMDLS 144 B61 441-455 EVCQPKRIRPFHPPG 145 BZLF1  52-64LPEPLPQGQLTAY 146 B35.08  54-63 EPLPQGQLTAY 147 B35.01  81-89 APENAYQAY148 B35.01 101-115 LQHYREVAA 149 C8 172-183 DSELEIKRYKNR 150 B18 186-201RKCCRAKFKQLLQHYR 151 C6 190-197 RAKFKQLL 152 B8 209-217 SENDRLRLL 153B60 BMLF1 265-273 KDTWLDARM 154 280-288 GLCTLVAML 155 A2.01 397-405DEVEFLGHY 156 B18 435-444 SRLVRAILSP 157 B14 BMRF1  20-28 CYDHAQTHL 158A2  86-100 FRNLAYGRTCVLGKE 159 C3/C10 116-128 RPQGGSRPEFVKL 160 B7208-216 TLDYKPLSV 161 A2.01 268-276 YRSGIIAW 162 C6 268-276 YRSGI1AVV162 B39 286-295 LPLDLSVILF 163 B53 BARF0 LLWAARPRL 164 A2 BCRF1   3-11RRLVVTLQC 165 B27 BALF2 418-426 ARYAYYLQF 166 B27 BILF2 240-248RRRKGWIPL 167 B27 BLLF1 VLQWASLAV 168 A2 (gp350) BALF4 276-284 FLDKGTYTL169 A2 (gp110) ILIYNGWYA 170 A2 VPGSETMCY 171 B35 APGINLIWTY 172 B35BXLF2 TLFIGSHVV 173 A2.01 (gp85) SLVIVTTFV 174 A2.01 LMIIPLINV 175 A2.01CD4+ T cell epitopes EBV Epitope Epitope (SEQ ID HLA Antigen coordinatessequence No) restriction Latent cycle proteins EBNA1  71-85RRPQKRPSCIGCKGT (176) 403-417 RPFFHPVGEADYFEY (177) 429-448VPPGAIEQGPADDPGEGPST (178) 434-458 IEQGPTDDPGEGPSTGPRGQ (179) GDGGR 455-469 DGGRRKKGGWFGRHR  (180) 474-493 SNPKFENIAEGLRVLLARSH (181)475-489 NPKFENIAEGLRALL  (182) 479-498 ENIAEGLRVLLARSHVERTT (183) DQ7481-500 IAEGLRALLARSHVERTTDE (184) DQ2/3 485-499 LRALLARSHVERTTD  (185)499-523 EEGNWVAGVFVYGGSKTSLY (186) NLRRG  509-528 VYGGSKTSLYNLRRGTALAI(187) DR11 515-528 TSLYNLRRGTALAI  (188) DR1 518-530 YNLRRGTALAIPQ (189) DP3 519-533 NLRRGRTALAIPQCRL  (190) 519-543 EEGNWVAGVFVYGGSKTSLYN(186) LRRG  527-541 AIPQCRLTPLSRLPF  (191) DR13 529-543 PQCRLTPLSRLPFGM (192) DR14 544-563 APGPGPQPLRESIVCYFM (S43) (193) 549-568PQPGPLRESIVCYFMVFLQT (S44) (194) 551-570 PGPLRESIVCYFMVFLQTHI  (195) DR1554-573 LRESIVCYFMVFLQTHIFAE  (196) 554-578 LRESIVCYFMVFLQTHIFAEVLKDA(197) 561-573 YFMVFLQTHIFAE  (198) DR11,12,13 563-577 MVFLQTHIFAEVLKD (199) DR15 564-583 VFLQTHIFAEVLKDAIKDL  (200) DP5 574-593VLKDAIKDLVMTKPAPTCNI  (201) 589-613 PTCNIKVTVCSFDDGVDLPPW (202) FPPM 594-613 RVTVCSFDDGVDLPPWFPPM (203) 607-619 PPWFPPMVEGAAA  (204) DQ2EBNA2  11-30 GQTYHLIVDTLALHGGQTYH  (205) DR4  46-65IPLTIFVGENTGVPPPLPPP  (206) 131-150 MRMLWMANYIVRQSRGDRGL (207) 206-225LPPATLVPPRPTRPTTLPP  (208) 276-295 PRSTVFYNIPPMPLPPSQL  (209)DR7,52a,52b,52c 280-290 TVFYNIPPMPL  (210) DQ2/DQ7 301-320PAQPPPGVINDQQLHHLPSG (211) DR17 EBNA3A 364-383 EDLPCIVSRGGPKVKRPPIF (212) DR15 780-799 GPWVPEQWMFQGAPPSQGTP (213) DR1 649-668QVADWRAPGVPAMQPQYF (214) EBNA3B EBNA3C  66-80 NRGWMQRIRRRRRR  (215)100-119 PHDITYPYTARNIRDAACRAV (216) DR16 141-155 ILCFVMAARQRLQDI  (217)DR13 386-400 SDDELPYIDPNMEPV  (218) DQ5 401-415 QQRPVMFVSRVPAKK  (219)546-560 QKRAAPPTVSPSDTG  (220) 586-600 PPAAGPPAAGPRILA  (221) 626-640PPWRMFMRERQLPQ  (222) 649-660 PQCFWEMRAGREITQ  (223) 741-760PAPQAPYQGYQEPPAPQAPY (224) DR1/DR4 916-930 PSMPFASDYSQGAFT  (225)961-986 AQEILSDNSEISVFPK  (226) LMP1  11-30 GPPRPPLGPPLSSSIGLALL (227)DR7 & DR9 130-144 LWRLGATIWQLLAFF  (228) 181-206 LIWMYYHGPRHTDEHHHDDS(229) DR16 206-225 QATDDSSHESDSNSNEGRHH (230) DQ2 211-236SSHESDSNSNEGRHHLLVSG (231) DQB1*0601 212-226 SGHESDSNSNEGRHHH  (232)340-354 TDGGGGHSHDSGHGG  (233) LMP2  73-87 DYQPLGTQDQSLYLG  (234)DR4 or DR16 149-163 STVVTATGLALSLLL  (235) 169-182 SSYAAAQRKLLTPV  (236)189-208 VTFFAICLTWRIEDPPFNSI (237) DRB1*0901 194-213ICLTWRIEDPPFNSILFALL (238) DRB1*1001 224-243 VLVMLVLLILAYRRRWRRLT (239)385-398 STEFIPNLFCMLLL  (240) 419-438 TYGPVFMSLGGLLTMVAGAV (241)DQB1*0601 Lytic Cycle Proteins BHRF1 171-189 AGLTLSLLVICSYLFISRG  (242)DR2 122-133 PYYVVDLSVRGM  (243) DR4  45-57 TWLRYHVLLEEI  (244) DR4 BZLF1174-188 ELEIKRYKNRVASRK  (245) DR13 207-221 KSSENDRLRLLLKQM  (246)DQB1*0402 BLLF1  61-81 LDLFGQLTPHTKAVYQPRGA (247) DRw15 (gp350)  65-79FGQLTPHTKAVYQPR  (248) DRB1*1301 130-144 VYFQDVFGTMWCHHA  (249)DQB1*0402 163-183 DNCNSTNITAVVRAQGLDVTL (250) DRw11 BALF4 482-496AWCLEQKRQNMVLRE  (251) DPB1*1301 (gp110) 575-589 DNEIFLTKKMTEVCQ  (252)DRB1*0801

Further examples of immunodominant peptides includeHLA-A*0201-restricted epitopes (HCMV pp65 495-504—NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No:21), HCMV 1E1 VLEETSVML (SEQ ID No: 4), EBV LMP-2 356-364 FLYALALLL (SEQID No: 127), EBV BMLF-1 259-267 GLCTLVAML (SEQ ID No: 155));HLA-A*0101-restricted epitopes (HCMV pp50 245-253—VTEHDTLLY (SEQ ID No:44); HCMV pp65 363-373—YSEHPTFTSQY) (SEQ ID No: 20);HLA-A*0301-restricted epitopes (HCMV pp50—TVRSHCVSK (SEQ ID No: 46),);HLA-B*0702-restricted epitopes (HCMV pp65 417-426 TPRVTGGGAM (SEQ ID No:31), pp65 265-275 RPHERNGFTVL (SEQ ID No: 32)); andHLA-B*0801-restricted epitopes (HCMV IE1 88-96—ELKRKMMYM (SEQ ID No:253), IE1 88-96 QIKVRVDMV (SEQ ID No: 11), EBV BZLF-1 190-197 RAKFKQLL(SEQ ID No: 152), any of which may be used in the context of theinvention.

It is appreciated that the T cell antigen (e.g. peptide) may be onederived from a live vaccine such as Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) orHHV3; or one derived from intracellular bacteria such as mycobacteria,particularly those evoked through immunization with BCG. Such peptidesare well known in the art. Similarly, the T cell antigen (e.g. peptide)may be derived from the tetanus toxoid such as P2, P4 or P30. Thus, itwill be understood that the T cell antigen (e.g. peptide) may be onethat elicits an existing immune response in a subject that has beengenerated by prior vaccination against an infectious agent. It followsthat in order to increase the number of T cells sensitised to a T cellantigen, it may be desirable to vaccinate or boost a subject with avaccine that comprises the T cell antigen. For example, the subject maybe vaccinated with a tetanus toxin, before being administered the agentof the invention comprising the relevant T cell antigen.

It will be appreciated that because many people are vaccinated inchildhood with these vaccines, they are likely to contain T cells whichare sensitized to these T cell antigens. Thus, in one embodiment the Tcell antigen is one which is found in a childhood vaccine.

Although not preferred, the T cell antigen (eg peptide) may also be onethat elicits an existing immune response in a subject that has beengenerated by exposing that subject's T cells to the antigen in vitro.

Peptides can be produced by well known chemical procedures, such assolution or solid-phase synthesis, or semi-synthesis in solutionbeginning with protein fragments coupled through conventional solutionmethods as is known in the art. Alternatively, the peptide can besynthesised by established methods including recombinant methods.

Although it is preferred that the T cell antigen is a polypeptide orpeptide, it is known that other antigens are also capable of elicitingimmune responses and so have utility in the present invention. Forexample, γδ T cells do not recognise MHC-associated peptide antigens andare not MHC restricted. Some γδ T cell clones recognise smallphosphorylated molecules, pyrophosphorylated compounds (eg HMBPP(E-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl-pyrophosphate) and IPP (isopentenylpyrophosphate)), alkyl amines or lipids (e.g. phosphorylated lipids)that may be presented by ‘non-classical’ class I MHC-like moleculescalled CD1 molecules. Similarly, NK-T cells (e.g. Vα24Vβ11 cells)recognise lipids (e.g. ceramides such as α-gal-ceramide) bound to CD1molecules. Thus, the T cell antigen may be any of these molecules thatare known to elicit a T cell response.

When the agent is for treating autoimmune or allergic diseases, it willbe appreciated that the T cell antigen may be an autoantigen or allergenrespectively. In this way the immune response that is contributing tothe disorder is redirected to unwanted cells so as to combat thedisorder.

It is appreciated that the T cell antigen may be chemically modifiedprovided that it is still capable of eliciting a T cell response. Suchchemical modification may include, for instance, the addition of a metalsuch as nickel, since it has been shown that in certain allergicpatients there are T cells which recognise a peptide with a bound nickelatom (Romagnoli et al 1991, EMBO J 10: 1303-1306). The T cell antigencan also be modified by an organic molecule which enhances theimmunogenicity (Romero et al 1993, J Immunol 150: 3825-3831). Othermodifications include phosphorylation, acetylation, alkylation,acylation, citrulination, nitration, sulphation and hydroxylation,forming salts with acids or bases, forming an ester or amide of aterminal carboxyl group, and attaching amino acid protecting groups suchas N-t-butoxycarbonal.

When the T cell antigen is a peptide, it is appreciated that it maycomprise naturally occurring amino acids encoded by DNA, and/or one ormore non-natural amino acids, including amino acids in the “D” isomericform, provided that it is recognised by the corresponding T cell. Thus,the peptide may be a peptide ‘mimetic’ ie peptidomimetic which mimicsthe structural features of any of the peptides mentioned above. Forexample, the T cell antigen may be a retro-inverso peptide.

Similarly, the T cell antigen, when a peptide, may be a mimotope, ie apeptide composed of natural or non-natural amino acids that mimics thestructure of the natural epitope. Mimotopes often stimulate T cells morepotently.

Preferably, the T cell antigens are substantially non-toxic in theabsence of T lymphocytes. By ‘substantially non-toxic’ we mean that theantigens have considerably lower or preferably no detectable toxicity,compared to toxins such as Pseudomonas exotoxin.

The skilled person will be able to identify further T cell antigens thatmay be used in the invention using the database available atwww.immuneepitope.org (Vita R, Zarebski L, Greenbaum JA, Emami H, HoofI, Salimi N, Damle R, Sette A, Peters B. The immune epitope database2.0. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan; 38(Database issue):D854-62. Epub 2009Nov 11).

Selective Cleavage

By “released from the targeting moiety by selective cleavage of acleavage site in the agent in the vicinity of the unwanted cells” weinclude the meaning that the T cell antigen is released from thetargeting moiety by means of a cleavage site between the T cell antigenand targeting moiety being cleaved selectively in the vicinity of theunwanted cells.

By “cleavage site that is cleavable selectively in the vicinity of theunwanted cells” we include the meaning of a site that can only becleaved by a molecule which resides selectively in the vicinity of theunwanted cells, so as to release the T cell antigen from the targetingmoiety. Preferably, the molecule that cleaves the cleavage site residesin the vicinity of the unwanted cells at a concentration at least fivetimes or ten times higher than the concentration of the molecule outsidethe vicinity of the unwanted cells, and more preferably at aconcentration at least 100 or 500 or 1000 times higher. Most preferably,the molecule that cleaves the cleavage site is found only in thevicinity of the unwanted cells. For example, when the unwanted cells areparticular tumour cells (e.g. breast tumour cells), the cleavage sitemay be one that is cleaved by a molecule which resides selectively inthe particular tumour (e.g. breast tumour) but which molecule does notreside outside the vicinity of the particular tumour (e.g. breasttumour).

By ‘in the vicinity of cells’, we include the meaning of either at ornear to the surface of the cells, or both, or in the environment thatimmediately surrounds the cells e.g. blood, lymph, and other bodyfluids. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the cleavage site isselectively cleaved outside of the unwanted cell, at or near itssurface, so that the T cell antigen can be presented by the unwantedcell to T cells without needing to be internalised.

The cleavage site is selectively cleaved in the vicinity of the unwantedcells so that the T cell antigen is preferentially presented by unwantedcells rather than by wanted cells. Thus, it is preferred that thecleavage site is one that is selectively cleaved such that the T cellantigen is released in the vicinity of (e.g. at or near to the cellsurface) the unwanted cells at least five times or ten times more thanthe extent to which it is released in the vicinity of wanted cells, andmore preferably at least 100 or 500 or 1000 times more. Most preferably,the T cell antigen is not released in the vicinity of wanted cells, andtherefore not presented by wanted cells.

For a given unwanted cell, the skilled person will be able to identifyan appropriate cleavage site that is selectively cleavable in thevicinity of the unwanted cell, using established methods in the art. Forexample, which proteases cleave which peptides can be assessed byconsulting peptide libraries and studying an MS analysis of thefragmentation profile following cleavage. Also, published literature ofprotease cleavage motifs and peptide cleavage data can be searched asdescribed further below. Gene expression and proteomic data may also beanalysed to identify which proteases are expressed by particularunwanted cells.

By virtue of the cleavage site being selectively cleavable in thevicinity of the unwanted cells, the T cell antigen is selectivelyreleased in the vicinity of the unwanted cells. The inventors believethat this allows the unwanted cells to present the T cell antigen to Tcells, thereby redirecting an existing immune response to the unwantedcells.

In a preferred embodiment, the cleavage site is one that is cleaved inthe vicinity of the unwanted cells and outside the unwanted cells, forexample at the cell surface. In this way, the T cell antigen can bereleased in the vicinity of the external surface of the cell andpresented to a T cell directly, without the need to be internalised andengage the appropriate processing pathways. Accordingly, the inventionincludes an agent for preventing or treating a condition characterisedby the presence of unwanted cells, the agent comprising (i) a targetingmoiety that is capable of targeting to the unwanted cells; and (ii) a Tcell antigen, wherein the T cell antigen can be released from thetargeting moiety by selective cleavage of a cleavage site in the agentin the vicinity of and outside of the unwanted cells. Preferably, the Tcell antigen is one which does not generate a new primary T cellresponse for that antigen, but rather elicits an existing T cellresponse in a subject.

The inventors also believe, however, that the T cell antigen may bereleased inside the cell, without the need to undergo classical antigenprocessing, and still be presented to a T cell. Thus, it will beunderstood that the cleavage site need not be cleaved at the surface ofthe cell but may be cleaved within the cell, for example via a receptorcycling pathway or in near-membrane compartments such as vesicles (e.g.pinocytic vesicles).

The cleavage site may be one that is cleavable by an enzyme such as anyof a protease, a nuclease, a lipase, a lyase, a phosphatase or acarbohydrase, which may or may not be membrane bound.

Generally, the cleavage site is a protease cleavage site. Thus, when theunwanted cells are tumour cells, the cleavage site may be cleavableselectively by proteases that reside in the vicinity of the tumourcells. In other words, the protease cleavage site may be one that iscleavable by a tumour associated protease. It is well known that duringtumour development, tumours aberrantly express proteases which allowthem to invade local tissues and eventually metastasise.

The protease may include any of a cysteine protease (including theCathepsin family B, L, S etc), an aspartyl protease (including CathepsinD and E) and a serine protease (including Cathepsin A and G, Thrombin,Plasmin, Urokinase, Tissue Plasminogen 3D Activator). The protease maybe a metalloproteinase (MMP1-28) including both membrane bound (MMP14-17and MMP24-25) and secreted forms (MMP1-13 and MMP18-23 and MMP26-28).The protease may belong to the A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase(ADAM) and A Disintegrin, or Metalloproteinase with ThrombospondinMotifs (ADAMTS) families of proteases. Other examples include CD10(CALLA) and prostate specific antigen (PSA). It is appreciated that theproteases may or may not be membrane bound.

Protease cleavage sites are well known in the scientific literature, andlinker sequences comprising such cleavage sites can be readilyconstructed using established genetic engineering techniques, or bysynthetic synthesis techniques known in the art.

The protease cleavage site may be one that is cleavable by any of theproteases listed in Table 4 below, which indicates the expression ofselected proteases in various tumour types. Candidate substrates for theproteases are provided. Thus, in order to treat a particular tumourtype, the skilled person will typically select a protease cleavage sitethat is selectively cleaved by a protease known to be highly expressedin that tumour type, as seen from the table. For example, to treatbreast cancer, it is preferred to use a protease cleavage site cleavableby any of uPA, tPA, matriptase, matriptase 2, Cathepsin K, Cathepsin O,MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, MMP11, MMP12, MMP17, ADAM9, ADAM12, ADAM15, ADAM17,ADAM28 or ADAMTS15, and so on.

Similarly, Table 5 lists tumour sites in which ADAM proteaseoverexpression has been reported, and so in an embodiment, the cleavagesite is selectively cleavable by one of the ADAM proteases listed inTable 5. Accordingly, the agent may be used to prevent or treat thecorresponding tumour type.

The cleavage site may be selectively cleavable by any of the followinghuman proteases (MEROPS peptidase database number provided inparentheses; Rawlings N. D., Morton F. R., Kok, C. Y., Kong, J. &Barrett A. J. (2008) MEROPS: the peptidase database. Nucleic Acids Res.36 Database issue, D320-325): pepsin A (MER000885), gastricsin(MER000894), memapsin-2 (MER005870), renin (MER000917), cathepsin D(MER000911), cathepsin E (MER000944), memapsin-1 (MER005534), napsin A(MER004981), Mername-AA034 peptidase (MER014038), pepsin A4 (MER037290),pepsin A5 (Homo sapiens) (MER037291), hCG1733572 (Homo sapiens)-typeputative peptidase (MER107386), napsin B pseudogene (MER004982), CYMPg.p. (Homo sapiens) (MER002929), subfamily A1A unassigned peptidases(MER181559), mouse mammary tumor virus retropepsin (MER048030), rabbitendogenous retrovirus endopeptidase (MER043650), S71-related humanendogenous retropepsin (MER001812), RTVL-H-type putative peptidase(MER047117) RTVL-H-type putative peptidase (MER047133), RTVL-H-typeputative peptidase (MER047160), RTVL-H-type putative peptidase(MER047206), RTVL-H-type putative peptidase (MER047253), RTVL-H-typeputative peptidase (MER047260), RTVL-H-type putative peptidase(MER047291), RTVL-H-type putative peptidase (MER047418), RTVL-H-typeputative peptidase (MER047440), RTVL-H-type putative peptidase(MER047479), RTVL-H-type putative peptidase (MER047559), RTVL-H-typeputative peptidase (MER047583), RTVL-H-type putative peptidase(MER015446), human endogenous retrovirus retropepsin homologue 1(MER015479), human endogenous retrovirus retropepsin homologue 2(MER015481), endogenous retrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 1 (Homosapiens chromosome 14) (MER029977), endogenous retrovirus retropepsinpseudogene 2 (Homo sapiens chromosome 8) (MER029665), endogenousretrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 3 (Homo sapiens chromosome 17)(MER002660), endogenous retrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 3 (Homosapiens chromosome 17) (MER030286), endogenous retrovirus retropepsinpseudogene 3 (Homo sapiens chromosome 17) (MER047144), endogenousretrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 5 (Homo sapiens chromosome 12)(MER029664), endogenous retrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 6 (Homosapiens chromosome 7) (MER002094), endogenous retrovirus retropepsinpseudogene 7 (Homo sapiens chromosome 6) (MER029776), endogenousretrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 8 (Homo sapiens chromosome Y)(MER030291), endogenous retrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 9 (Homosapiens chromosome 19) (MER029680), endogenous retrovirus retropepsinpseudogene 10 (Homo sapiens chromosome 12) (MER002848), endogenousretrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 11 (Homo sapiens chromosome 17)(MER004378), endogenous retrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 12 (Homosapiens chromosome 11) (MER003344), endogenous retrovirus retropepsinpseudogene 13 (Homo sapiens chromosome 2 and similar) (MER029779),endogenous retrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 14 (Homo sapiens chromosome2) (MER029778), endogenous retrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 15 (Homosapiens chromosome 4) (MER047158), endogenous retrovirus retropepsinpseudogene 15 (Homo sapiens chromosome 4) (MER047332), endogenousretrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 15 (Homo sapiens chromosome 4)(MER003182), endogenous retrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 16(MER047165), endogenous retrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 16(MER047178), endogenous retrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 16(MER047200), endogenous retrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 16(MER047315), endogenous retrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 16(MER047405), endogenous retrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 16(MER030292), endogenous retrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 17 (Homosapiens chromosome 8) (MER005305), endogenous retrovirus retropepsinpseudogene 18 (Homo sapiens chromosome 4) (MER030288), endogenousretrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 19 (Homo sapiens chromosome 16)(MER001740), endogenous retrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 21 (Homosapiens) (MER047222), endogenous retrovirus retropepsin pseudogene 21(Homo sapiens) (MER047454), endogenous retrovirus retropepsin pseudogene21 (Homo sapiens) (MER047477), endogenous retrovirus retropepsinpseudogene 21 (Homo sapiens) (MER004403), endogenous retrovirusretropepsin pseudogene 22 (Homo sapiens chromosome X) (MER030287),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047046), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047052), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047076), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047080), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047088),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047089), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047091), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047092), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047093), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047094),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047097), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047099), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047101), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047102), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047107),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047108), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047109), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047110), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047111), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047114),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047118), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047121), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047122), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047126), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047129),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047130), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047134), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047135), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047137), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047140),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047141), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047142), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047148), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047149), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047151),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047154), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047155), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047156), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047157), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047159),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047161), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047163), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047166), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047171), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047173),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047174), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047179), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047183), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047186), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047190),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047191), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047196), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047198), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047199), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047201),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047202), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047203), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047204), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047205), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047207),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047208), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047210), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047211), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047212), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047213),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047215), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047216), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047218), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047219), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047221),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047224), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047225), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047226), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047227), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047230),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047232), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047233), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047234), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047236), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047238),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047239), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047240), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047242), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047243), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047249),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047251), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047252), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047254), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047255), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047263),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047265), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047266), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047267), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047268), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047269),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047272), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047273), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047274), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047275), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047276),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047279), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047280), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047281), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047282), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047284),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047285), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047289), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047290), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047294), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047295),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047298), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047300), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047302), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047304), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047305),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047306), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047307), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047310), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047311), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047314),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047318), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047320), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047321), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047322), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047326),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047327), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047330), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047333), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047362), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047366),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047369), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047370), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047371), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047375), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047376),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047381), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047383), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047384), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047385), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047388),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047389), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047391), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047394), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047396), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047400),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047401), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047403), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047406), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047407), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047410),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047411), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047413), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047414), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047416), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047417),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047420), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047423), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047424), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047428), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047429),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047431), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047434), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047439), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047442), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047445),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047449), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047450), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047452), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047455), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047457),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047458), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047459), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047463), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047468), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047469),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047470), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047476), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047478), subfamily A2A to non-peptidase homologues(MER047483), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047488),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047489), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047490), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047493), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047494), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047495),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047496), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047497), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047499), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047502), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047504),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047511), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047513), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047514), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047515), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047516),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047520), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047533), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047537), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047569), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047570),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047584), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047603), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047604), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047606), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047609),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047616), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER047619), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER047648), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER047649), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER047662),subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER048004), subfamily A2Anon-peptidase homologues (MER048018), subfamily A2A non-peptidasehomologues (MER048019), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues(MER048023), subfamily A2A non-peptidase homologues (MER048037),subfamily A2A unassigned peptidases (MER047164), subfamily A2Aunassigned peptidases (MER047231), subfamily A2A unassigned peptidases(MER047386), skin aspartic protease (MER057097), presenilin 1(MER005221), presenilin 2 (MER005223), impas 1 peptidase (MER019701),impas 1 peptidase (MER184722), impas 4 peptidase (MER019715), impas 2peptidase (MER019708), impas 5 peptidase (MER019712), impas 3 peptidase(MER019711), possible family A22 pseudogene (Homo sapiens chromosome 18)(MER029974), possible family A22 pseudogene (Homo sapiens chromosome 11)(MER023159), cathepsin V (MER004437), cathepsin X (MER004508), cathepsinF (MER004980), cathepsin L (MER000622), cathepsin S (MER000633),cathepsin 0 (MER001690), cathepsin K (MER000644), cathepsin W(MER003756), cathepsin H (MER000629), cathepsin B (MER000686),dipeptidyl-peptidase I (MER001937), bleomycin hydrolase (animal)(MER002481), tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen (MER016137),tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen-related protein (MER021799),cathepsin L-like pseudogene 1 (Homo sapiens) (MER002789), cathepsinB-like pseudogene (chromosome 4, Homo sapiens) (MER029469), cathepsinB-like pseudogene (chromosome 1, Homo sapiens) (MER029457), CTSLL2 g.p.(Homo sapiens) (MER005210), CTSLL3 g.p. (Homo sapiens) (MER005209),calpain-1 (MER000770), calpain-2 (MER000964), calpain-3 (MER001446),calpain-9 (MER004042), calpain-8 (MER021474), calpain-15 (MER004745),calpain-5 (MER002939), calpain-11 (MER005844), calpain-12 (MER029889),calpain-10 (MER013510), calpain-13 (MER020139), calpain-14 (MER029744),Mername-AA253 peptidase (MER005537), calpamodulin (MER000718),hypothetical protein flj40251 (MER003201), ubiquitinyl hydrolase-L1(MER000832), ubiquitinyl hydrolase-L3 (MER000836), ubiquitinylhydrolase-BAP1 (MER003989), ubiquitinyl hydrolase-UCH37 (MER005539),ubiquitin-specific peptidase 5 (MER002066), ubiquitin-specific peptidase6 (MER000863), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 4 (MER001795),ubiquitin-specific peptidase 8 (MER001884), ubiquitin-specific peptidase13 (MER002627), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 2 (MER004834),ubiquitin-specific peptidase 11 (MER002693), ubiquitin-specificpeptidase 14 (MER002667), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 7 (MER002896),ubiquitin-specific peptidase 9X (MER005877), ubiquitin-specificpeptidase 10 (MER004439), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 1 (MER004978),ubiquitin-specific peptidase 12 (MER005454), ubiquitin-specificpeptidase 16 (MER005493), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 15 (MER005427),ubiquitin-specific peptidase 17 (MER002900), ubiquitin-specificpeptidase 19 (MER005428), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 20 (MER005494),ubiquitin-specific peptidase 3 (MER005513), ubiquitin-specific peptidase9Y (MER004314), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (MER005641),ubiquitin-specific peptidase 21 (MER006258), ubiquitin-specificpeptidase 22 (MER012130), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 33 (MER014335),ubiquitin-specific peptidase 29 (MER012093), ubiquitin-specificpeptidase 25 (MER011115), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 36 (MER014033),ubiquitin-specific peptidase 32 (MER014290), ubiquitin-specificpeptidase 26 (Homo sapiens-type) (MER014292), ubiquitin-specificpeptidase 24 (MER005706), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 42 (MER011852),ubiquitin-specific peptidase 46 (MER014629), ubiquitin-specificpeptidase 37 (MER014633), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 28 (MER014634),ubiquitin-specific peptidase 47 (MER014636), ubiquitin-specificpeptidase 38 (MER014637), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 44 (MER014638),ubiquitin-specific peptidase 50 (MER030315), ubiquitin-specificpeptidase 35 (MER014646), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 30 (MER014649),Mername-AA091 peptidase (MER014743), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 45(MER030314), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 51 (MER014769),ubiquitin-specific peptidase 34 (MER014780), ubiquitin-specificpeptidase 48 (MER064620), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 40 (MER015483),ubiquitin-specific peptidase 41 (MER045268), ubiquitin-specificpeptidase 31 (MER015493). Mername-AA129 peptidase (MER016485),ubiquitin-specific peptidase 49 (MER016486), Mername-AA187 peptidase(MER052579), USP17-like peptidase (MER030192), ubiquitin-specificpeptidase 54 (MER028714), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 53 (MER027329),ubiquitin-specific endopeptidase 39 [misleading] (MER064621),Mernanne-AA090 non-peptidase homologue (MER014739), ubiquitin-specificpeptidase [misleading] (MER030140), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 52[misleading] (MER030317), NEK2 pseudogene (MER014736), C19 pseudogene(Homo sapiens: chromosome 5) (MER029972), Mername-AA088 peptidase(MER014750), autophagin-2 (MER013564), autophagin-1 (MER013561),autophagin-3 (MER014316), autophagin-4 (MER064622), Cezannedeubiquitinylating peptidase (MER029042), Cezanne-2 peptidase(MER029044), tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (MER029050),trabid peptidase (MER029052), VCIP135 deubiquitinating peptidase(MER152304), otubain-1 (MER029056), otubain-2 (MER029061), CyID protein(MER030104), UfSP1 peptidase (MER042724), UfSP2 peptidase (MER060306),DUBA deubiquitinylating enzyme (MER086098), KIAA0459 (Homo sapiens)-likeprotein (MER122467), Otud1 protein (MER125457), glycosyltransferase 28domain containing 1, isoform CRA_c (Homo sapiens)-like (MER123606), hintL g.p. (Homo sapiens) (MER139816), ataxin-3 (MER099998), ATXN3L putativepeptidase (MER115261), Josephin domain containing 1 (Homo sapiens)(MER125334), Josephin domain containing 2 (Homo sapiens) (MER124068),YOD1 peptidase (MER116559), legumain (plant alpha form) (MER044591),legumain (MER001800), glycosylphosphatidylinositaprotein transamidase(MER002479), legumain pseudogene (Homo sapiens) (MER029741), family C13unassigned peptidases (MER175813), caspase-1 (MER000850), caspase-3(MER000853), caspase-7 (MER002705), caspase-6 (MER002708), caspase-2(MER001644), caspase-4 (MER001938), caspase-5 (MER002240), caspase-8(MER002849), caspase-9 (MER002707), caspase-10 (MER002579), caspase-14(MER012083), paracaspase (MER019325), Mername-AA143 peptidase(MER021304). Mername-AA186 peptidase (MER020516), putative caspase (Homosapiens) (MER021463), FLIP protein (MER003026), Mername-AA142 protein(MER021316), caspase-12 pseudogene (Homo sapiens) (MER019698),Mername-AA093 caspase pseudogene (MER014766), subfamily C14Anon-peptidase homologues (MER185329), subfamily C14A non-peptidasehomologues (MER179956), separase (Homo sapiens-type) (MER011775),separase-like pseudogene (MER014797), SENP1 peptidase (MER011012), SENP3peptidase (MER011019), SENP6 peptidase (MER011109), SENP2 peptidase(MER012183), SENP5 peptidase (MER014032), SENP7 peptidase (MER014095),SENP8 peptidase (MER016161), SENP4 peptidase (MER005557),pyroglutamyl-peptidase I (chordate) (MER011032), Mername-AA073 peptidase(MER029978), Sonic hedgehog protein (MER002539), Indian hedgehog protein(MER002538), Desert hedgehog protein (MER012170), dipeptidyl-peptidaseIII (MER004252), Mername-AA164 protein (MER020410), LOC138971 g.p. (Homosapiens) (MER020074), Atp23 peptidase (MER060642), prenyl peptidase 1(MER004246), aminopeptidase N (MER000997), aminopeptidase A (MER001012),leukotriene A4 hydrolase (MER001013), pyroglutamyl-peptidase II(MER012221), cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase (MER002746), cystinylaminopeptidase (MER002060), aminopeptidase B (MER001494), aminopeptidasePILS (MER005331), arginyl aminopeptidase-like 1 (MER012271),leukocyte-derived arginine aminopeptidase (MER002968), aminopeptidase Q(MER052595), aminopeptidase 0 (MER019730), Tata binding proteinassociated factor (MER026493), angiotensin-converting enzyme peptidaseunit 1 (MER004967), angiotensin-converting enzyme peptidase unit 2(MER001019), angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (MER011061), Mername-AA153protein (MER020514), thimet oligopeptidase (MER001737), neurolysin(MER010991), mitochondrial intermediate peptidase (MER003665),Mername-AA154 protein (MER021317), leishmanolysin-2 (MER014492),leishmanolysin-3 (MER180031), matrix metallopeptidase-1 (MER001063),matrix metallopeptidase-8 (MER001084), matrix metallopeptidase-2(MER001080), matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MER001085), matrixmetallopeptidase-3 (MER001068), matrix metallopeptidase-10 (Homosapiens-type) (MER001072), matrix metallopeptidase-11 (MER001075),matrix metallopeptidase-7 (MER001092), matrix metallopeptidase-12(MER001089), matrix metallopeptidase-13 (MER001411), membrane-typematrix metallopeptidase-1 (MER001077), membrane-type matrixmetallopeptidase-2 (MER002383), membrane-type matrix metallopeptidase-3(MER002384), membrane-type matrix metallopeptidase-4 (MER002595), matrixmetallopeptidase-20 (MER003021), matrix metallopeptidase-19 (MER002076),matrix metallopeptidase-23B (MER004766), membrane-type matrixmetallopeptidase-5 (MER005638), membrane-type matrix metallopeptidase-6(MER012071), matrix metallopeptidase-21 (MER006101), matrixmetallopeptidase-22 (MER014098), matrix metallopeptidase-26 (MER012072),matrix metallopeptidase-28 (MER013587), matrix rnetallopeptidase-23A(MER037217), macrophage elastase homologue (chromosome 8, Homo sapiens)(MER030035), Mername-AA156 protein (MER021309), matrixmetallopeptidase-like 1 (MER045280), subfamily M10A non-peptidasehomologues (MER175912), subfamily M10A non-peptidase homologues(MER187997), subfamily MIOA non-peptidase homologues (MER187998),subfamily M10A non-peptidase homologues (MER180000), meprin alphasubunit (MER001111), meprin beta subunit (MER005213), procollagenC-peptidase (MER001113), mammalian tolloid-like 1 protein (MER005124),mammalian-type tolloid-like 2 protein (MER005866), ADAMTS9 peptidase(MER012092), ADAMTS14 peptidase (MER016700), ADAMTS15 peptidase(MER017029), ADAMTS16 peptidase (MER015689), ADAMTS17 peptidase(MER016302), ADAMTS18 peptidase (MER016090), ADAMTS19 peptidase(MER015663). ADAMS peptidase (MER003902), ADAM9 peptidase (MER001140),ADAM10 peptidase (MER002382), ADAM12 peptidase (MER005107), ADAM19peptidase (MER012241), ADAM15 peptidase (MER002386), ADAM17 peptidase(MER003094), ADAM20 peptidase (MER004725), ADAMDEC1 peptidase(MER000743), ADAMTS3 peptidase (MER005100), ADAMTS4 peptidase(MER005101), ADAMTS1 peptidase (MER005546), ADAM28 peptidase (Homosapiens-type) (MER005495), ADAMTS5 peptidase (MER005548), ADAMTS8peptidase (MER005545), ADAMTS6 peptidase (MER005893),

ADAMTS7 peptidase (MER005894), ADAM30 peptidase (MER006268), ADAM21peptidase (Homo sapiens-type) (MER004726), ADAMTS10 peptidase(MER014331), ADAMTS12 peptidase (MER014337), ADAMTS13 peptidase(MER015450), ADAM33 peptidase (MER015143), ovastacin (MER029996),ADAMTS20 peptidase (Homo sapiens-type) (MER026906), procollagen IN-peptidase (MER004985), ADAM2 protein (MER003090), ADAM6 protein(MER047044), ADAM? protein (MER005109), ADAM18 protein (MER012230),ADAM32 protein (MER026938), non-peptidase homologue (Homo sapienschromosome 4) (MER029973), family M12 non-peptidase homologue (Homosapiens chromosome 16) (MER047654), family M12 non-peptidase homologue(Homo sapiens chromosome 15) (MER047250), ADAM3B protein (Homosapiens-type) (MER005199), ADAM11 protein (MER001146), ADAM22 protein(MER005102), ADAM23 protein (MER005103), ADAM29 protein (MER006267),protein similar to ADAM21 peptidase preproprotein (Homo sapiens)(MER026944), Mername-AA225 peptidase homologue (Homo sapiens)(MER047474), putative ADAM pseudogene (chromosome 4, Homo sapiens)(MER029975), ADAM3A g.p. (Homo sapiens) (MER005200), ADAM1 g.p. (Homosapiens) (MER003912), subfamily M12B non-peptidase homologues(MER188210), subfamily M12B non-peptidase homologues (MER188211),subfamily M12B non-peptidase homologues (MER188212), subfamily M12Bnon-peptidase homologues (MER188220), neprilysin (MER001050),endothelin-converting enzyme 1 (MER001057), endothelin-converting enzyme2 (MER004776), DINE peptidase (MER005197), neprilysin-2 (MER013406),Kell blood-group protein (MER001054), PHEX peptidase (MER002062), i-AAApeptidase (MER001246), i-AAA peptidase (MER005755), paraplegin(MER004454), Afg3-like protein 2 (MER005496), Afg3-like protein 1A(MER014306), pappalysin-1 (MER002217), pappalysin-2 (MER014521),farnesylated-protein converting enzyme 1 (MER002646),metalloprotease-related protein-1 (MER030873), aminopeptidase AMZ2(MER011907), aminopeptidase AMZ1 (MER058242), carboxypeptidase A1(MER001190), carboxypeptidase A2 (MER001608), carboxypeptidase B(MER001194), carboxypeptidase N (MER001198), carboxypeptidase E(MER001199), carboxypeptidase M (MER001205), carboxypeptidase U(MER001193), carboxypeptidase A3 (MER001187), metallocarboxypeptidase Dpeptidase unit 1 (MER003781), metallocarboxypeptidase Z (MER003428),metallocarboxypeptidase D peptidase unit 2 (MER004963), carboxypeptidaseA4 (MER013421), carboxypeptidase A6 (MER013456), carboxypeptidase A5(MER017121), metallocarboxypeptidase 0 (MER016044), cytosoliccarboxypeptidase-like protein 5 (MER033174), cytosolic carboxypeptidase3 (MER033176), cytosolic carboxypeptidase 6 (MER033178), cytosoliccarboxypeptidase 1 (MER033179), cytosolic carboxypeptidase 2(MER037713), metallocarboxypeptidase D non-peptidase unit (MER004964),adipocyte-enhancer binding protein 1 (MER003889), carboxypeptidase-likeprotein X1 (MER013404), carboxypeptidase-like protein X2 (MER078764),cytosolic carboxypeptidase (MER026952), family M14 non-peptidasehomologues (MER199530), insulysin (MER001214), mitochondrial processingpeptidase beta-subunit (MER004497), nardilysin (MER003883), eupitrilysin(MER004877), mitochondrial processing peptidase non-peptidase alphasubunit (MER001413), ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein I(MER003543), ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein II(MER003544), ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein domain 2(MER043998), insulysin unit 2 (MER046821), nardilysin unit 2(MER046874), insulysin unit 3 (MER078753), mitochondrial processingpeptidase subunit alpha unit 2 (MER124489), nardilysin unit 3(MER142856), LOC133083 g.p. (Homo sapiens) (MER021876), subfamily M16Bnon-peptidase homologues (MER188757), leucyl aminopeptidase (animal)(MER003100), Mername-AA040 peptidase (MER003919), leucylaminopeptidase-1 (Caenorhabditis-type) (MER013416), methionylaminopeptidase 1 (MER001342), methionyl aminopeptidase 2 (MER001728),aminopeptidase P2 (MER004498), Xaa-Pro dipeptidase (eukaryote)(MER001248), aminopeptidase P1 (MER004321), mitochondrial intermediatecleaving peptidase 55 kDa (MER013463), mitochondrial methionylaminopeptidase (MER014055), Mername-AA020 peptidase homologue(MER010972), proliferation-association protein 1 (MER005497),chromatin-specific transcription elongation factor 140 kDa subunit(MER026495), proliferation-associated protein 1-like (Homo sapienschromosome X) (MER029983), Mername-AA226 peptidase homologue (Homosapiens) (MER056262), Mername-AA227 peptidase homologue (Homo sapiens)(MER047299), subfamily M24A non-peptidase homologues (MER179893),aspartyl aminopeptidase (MER003373), Gly-Xaa carboxypeptidase(MER033182), carnosine dipeptidase II (MER014551), carnosine dipeptidaseI (MER015142), Mername-AA161 protein (MER021873), aminoacylase(MER001271), glutamate carboxypeptidase II (MER002104), NAALADASE Lpeptidase (MER005239), glutamate carboxypeptidase III (MER005238),plasma glutamate carboxypeptidase (MER005244), Mername-AA103 peptidase(MER015091), Fxna peptidase (MER029965), transferrin receptor protein(MER002105), transferrin receptor 2 protein (MER005152), glutaminylcyclise (MER015095), glutamate carboxypeptidase II (Homo sapiens)-typenon-peptidase homologue (MER026971), nicalin (MER044627), membranedipeptidase (MER001260), membrane-bound dipeptidase-2 (MER013499),membrane-bound dipeptidase-3 (MER013496), dihydro-orotase (MER005767),dihydropyrimidinase (MER033266), dihydropyrimidinase related protein-1(MER030143), dihydropyrimidinase related protein-(MER030155),dihydropyrimidinase related protein-3 (MER030151), dihydropyrimidinaserelated protein-4 (MER030149), dihydropyrimidinase related protein-5(MER030136), hypothetical protein like 5730457F11RIK (MER033184),1300019108rik protein (MER033186)), guanine aminohydrolase (MER037714),Kael putative peptidase (MER001577), OSGEPL1-like protein (MER013498),S2P peptidase (MER004458), subfamily M23B non-peptidase homologues(MER199845), subfamily M23B non-peptidase homologues (MER199846),subfamily M23B non-peptidase homologues (MER199847), subfamily M23Bnon-peptidase homologues (MER137320), subfamily M23B non-peptidasehomologues (MER201557), subfamily M23B non-peptidase homologues(MER199417), subfamily M23B non-peptidase homologues (MER199418),subfamily M23B non-peptidase homologues (MER199419), subfamily M23Bnon-peptidase homologues (MER199420), subfamily M23B non-peptidasehomologues (MER175932), subfamily M23B non-peptidase homologues(MER199665), Pohl peptidase (MER020382), Jabl/MPN domain metalloenzyme(MER022057), Mername-AA165 peptidase (MER021865), Brcc36 isopeptidase(MER021890), histone H2A deubiquitinase MYSM1 (MER021887), AMSHdeubiquitinating peptidase (MER030146), putative peptidase (Homo sapienschromosome 2) (MER029970), Memame-AA168 protein (MER021886), COP9signalosome subunit 6 (MER030137), 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatorysubunit 7 (MER030134), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3subunit 5 (MER030133), IFP38 peptidase homologue (MER030132), subfamilyM67A non-peptidase homologues (MER191181), subfamily M67A unassignedpeptidases (MER191144), granzyme B (Homo sapiens-type) (MER000168),testisin (MER005212), tryptase beta (MER000136), kallikrein-relatedpeptidase 5 (MER005544), corin (MER005881), kallikrein-related peptidase12 (MER006038), DESC1 peptidase (MER006298), tryptase gamma 1(MER011036), kallikrein-related peptidase 14 to (MER011038),hyaluronan-binding peptidase (MER003612), transmembrane peptidase,serine 4 (MER011104), intestinal serine peptidase (rodent) (MER016130),adrenal secretory serine peptidase (MER003734), tryptase delta 1 (Homosapiens) (MER005948), matriptase-3 (MER029902), marapsin (MER006119),tryptase-6 (MER006118), ovochymase-1 domain 1 (MER099182), transmembranepeptidase, serine 3 (MER005926), kallikrein-related peptidase 15(MER000064), Mername-AA031 peptidase (MER014054). TMPRSS13 peptidase(MER014226). Mername-AA038 peptidase (MER062848), Mername-AA204peptidase (MER029980), cationic trypsin (Homo sapiens-type) (MER000020),elastase-2 (MER000118), mannan-binding lectin-associated serinepeptidase-3 (MER031968), cathepsin G (MER000082), myeloblastin(MER000170), granzyme A (MER001379), qranzyme M (MER001541), chymase(Homo sapiens-type) (MER000123), tryptase alpha (MER000135), granzyme K(MER001936), granzyme H (MER000166), chymotrypsin B (MER000001),elastase-1 (MER003733), pancreatic endopeptidase E (MER000149),pancreatic elastase II (MER000146), enteropeptidase (MER002068),chymotrypsin C (MER000761), prostasin (MER002460), kallikrein 1(MER000093), kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (MER000094),kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (MER000115), mesotrypsin (MER000022),complement component Clr-like peptidase (MER016352), complement factor D(MER000130), complement component activated C1r (MER000238), complementcomponent activated C1s (MER000239), complement component C2a(MER000231), complement factor B (MER000229), mannan-bindinglectin-associated serine peptidase 1 (MER000244), complement factor I(MER000228), pancreatic endopeptidase E form B (MER000150), pancreaticelastase IIB (MER000147), coagulation factor XIIa (MER000187), plasmakallikrein (MER000203) coagulation factor XIa (MER000210), coagulationfactor IXa (MER000216), coagulation factor Vila (MER000215), coagulationfactor Xa (MER000212), thrombin (MER000188), protein C (activated)(MER000222), acrosin (MER000078), hepsin (MER000156), hepatocyte growthfactor activator (MER000186), mannan-binding lectin-associated serinepeptidase 2 (MER002758), u-plasminogen activator (MER000195),t-plasminogen activator (MER000192), plasmin (MER000175),kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (MER002580), neurotrypsin (MER004171),kallikrein-related peptidase 8 (MER005400), kallikrein-related peptidase10 (MER003645), epitheliasin (MER003736), kallikrein-related peptidase 4(MER005266), prosemin (MER004214), chymopasin (MER001503),kallikrein-related peptidase 11 (MER004861), kallikrein-relatedpeptidase 11 (MER216142), trypsin-2 type A (iVIER000021), HtrA1peptidase (Homo sapiens-type) (MER002577), HtrA2 peptidase (MER208413),HtrA2 peptidase (MER004093), HtrA3 peptidase (MER014795), HtrA4peptidase (MER016351), Tysndl peptidase (MER050461), TMPRSS12 peptidase(MER017085), HAT-like putative peptidase 2 (MER021884), trypsin C(MER021898), kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (MER002001), matriptase(MER003735), kallikrein-related peptidase 13 (MER005269),kallikrein-related peptidase 9 (MER005270), matriptase-2 (MER005278),umbelical vein peptidase (MER005421), LCLP peptidase (MER001900),spinesin (MER014385), marapsin-2 (MER021929), complement factor D-likeputative peptidase (MER056164), ovochymase-2 (MER022410), HAT-like 4peptidase (MER044589), ovochymase 1 domain 1 (MER022412),epidermis-specific SP-like putative peptidase (MER029900), testis serinepeptidase 5 (MER029901), Mername-AA258 peptidase (MER000285),polyserase-IA unit 1 (MER030879), polyserase-IA unit 2 (MER030880),testis serine peptidase 2 (human-type) (MER033187), hypotheticalacrosin-like peptidase (Homo sapiens) (MER033253), HAT-like 5 peptidase(MER028215), polyserase-3 unit 1 (MER061763), polyserase-3 unit 2(MER061748), peptidase similar to tryptophan/serine protease(MER056263), polyserase-2 unit 1 (MER061777), Mername-AA123 peptidase(MER021930), HAT-like 2 peptidase (MER099184), hCG2041452-like protein(MER099172), hCG22067 (Homo sapiens) (MER099169), brain-rescue-factor-1(Homo sapiens) (MER098873), hCG2041108 (Homo sapiens) (MER099173),polyserase-2 unit 2 (MER061760), polyserase-2 unit 3 (MER065694),Mername-AA201 (peptidase homologue) MER099175, secreted trypsin-likeserine peptidase homologue (MER030000), polyserase-1A unit 3 (MER029880)azurocidin (MER000119), haptoglobin-1 (MER000233), haptoglobin-relatedprotein (MER000235), macrophage-stimulating protein (MER001546),hepatocyte growth factor (MER000185), protein Z (MER000227), TESP1protein (MER047214), LOC136242 protein (MER016132), plasmakallikrein-like protein 4 (MER016346), PRSS35 protein (MER016350),DKFZp586H2123-like protein (MER066474), apolipoprotein (MER000183),psi-KLK1 pseudogene (Homo sapiens) (MER033287), tryptase pseudogene 1(MER015077), tryptase pseudogene II (MER015078), tryptase pseudogene III(MER015079), subfamily SIA unassigned peptidases (MER216982), subfamilySIA unassigned peptidases (MER216148), amidophosphoribosyltransferaseprecursor (MER003314), glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1(MER003322), glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase(MER012158), Mername-AA144 protein (MER021319), asparagine synthetase(MER033254), family C44 non-peptidase homologues (MER159286), family C44unassigned peptidases (MER185625) family C44 unassigned peptidases(MER185626), secernin 1 (MER045376), secernin 2 (MER064573), secernin 3(MER064582), acid ceramidase precursor (MER100794), N-acylethanolamineacid amidase precursor (MER141667), proteasome catalytic subunit 1(MER000556), proteasome catalytic subunit 2 (MER002625), proteasomecatalytic subunit 3 (MER002149), proteasome catalytic subunit 1i(MER000552), proteasome catalytic subunit 2i (MER001515), proteasomecatalytic subunit 3i (MER000555), proteasome catalytic subunit 5t(MER026203), protein serine kinase c17 (MER026497), proteasome subunitalpha 6 (MER000557), proteasome subunit alpha 2 (MER000550), proteasomesubunit alpha 4 (MER000554), proteasome subunit alpha 7 (MER033250),proteasome subunit alpha 5 (MER000558), proteasome subunit alpha 1(MER000549), proteasome subunit alpha 3 (MER000553), proteasome subunitXAPC7 (MER004372), proteasome subunit beta 3 (MER001710), proteasomesubunit beta 2 (MER002676), proteasome subunit beta 1 (MER000551),proteasome subunit beta 4 (MER001711), Mername-AA230 peptidase homologue(Homo sapiens) (MER047329), Mername-AA231 pseudogene (Homo sapiens)(MER047172), Mername-AA232 pseudogene (Homo sapiens) (MER047316),glycosylasparaginase precursor (MER003299), isoaspartyl dipeptidase(threonine type) (MER031622), taspase-1 (MER016969),gamma-glutamyltransferase 5 (mammalian-type) (MER001977),qamma-glutamyltransferase 1 (mammalian-type) (MER001629),gamma-glutamyltransferase 2 (Homo sapiens) (MER001976),gamma-glutamyltransferase-like protein 4 (MER002721),gamma-glutamyltransferase-like protein 3 (MER016970), similar togamma-glutamyltransferase 1 precursor (Homo sapiens) (MER026204),similar to gamma-glutamyltransferase 1 precursor (Homo sapiens)(MER026205), Mername-AA211 putative peptidase (MER026207),gamma-glutamyltransferase 6 (MER159283), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidasehomologue (chromosome 2, Homo sapiens) (MER037241), polycystin-1(MER126824), KIAA1879 protein (MER159329), polycystic kidney disease1-like 3 (MER172554), gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (MER002963), guanine5″-monophosphate synthetase (MER043387), carbamoyl-phosphate synthase(Homo sapiens-type) (MER078640), dihydro-orotase (N-terminal unit) (Homosapiens-type) (MER060647), DJ-1 putative peptidase (MER003390),Mername-AA100 putative peptidase (MER014802), Mername-AA101non-peptidase homologue (MER014803), KIAA0361 protein (Homosapiens-type) (MER042827), FLJ34283 protein (Homo sapiens) (MER044553),non-peptidase homologue chromosome 21 open reading frame 33 (Homosapiens) (MER160094), family C56 non-peptidase homologues (MER177016),family C56 non-peptidase homologues (MER176613), family C56non-peptidase homologues (MER176918), EGF-like module containingmucin-like hormone receptor-like 2 (MER037230), CD97 antigen (humantype) (MER037286), EGF-like module containing mucin-like hormonereceptor-like 3 (MER037288), EGF-like module containing mucin-likehormone receptor-like 1 (MER037278) EGF-like module containingmucin-like hormone receptor-like 4 (MER037294), cadherin EGF LAGseven-pass G-type receptor 2 precursor (Homo sapiens) (MER045397), Gpr64(Mus musculus)-type protein (MER123205), GPR56 (Homo sapiens)-typeprotein (MER122057), latrophilin 2 (MER122199), latrophilin-1(MER126380), latrophilin 3 (MER124612), protocadherin Flamingo 2(MER124239), ETL protein (MER126267), G protein-coupled receptor 112(MER126114), seven transmembrane helix receptor (MER125448) Gpr114protein (MER159320), GPR126 vascular inducible G protein-coupledreceptor (MER140015), GPR125 (Homo sapiens)-type protein (MER159279),GPR116 (Homo sapiens)-type G-protein coupled receptor (MER159280),GPR128 (Homo sapiens)-type G-protein coupled receptor (MER162015),GPR133 (Homo sapiens)-type protein (MER159334), GPR110 G-protein coupledreceptor (MER159277), GPR97 protein (MER159322), KPG_006 protein(MER161773), KPG_008 protein (MER161835), KPG_009 protein (MER159335),unassigned homologue (MER166269), GPR113 protein (MER159352),brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2 (MER159746), PIDDauto-processing protein unit 1 (MER020001), PIDD auto-processing proteinunit 2 (MER063690), MUC1 self-cleaving mucin (MER074260), dystroglycan(MER054741), proprotein convertase 9 (MER022416), site-1 peptidase(MER001948), furin (MER000375), proprotein convertase 1 (MER000376),proprotein convertase 2 (MER000377) proprotein convertase 4 (MER028255),PACE4 proprotein convertase (MER000383), proprotein convertase 5(MER002578), proprotein convertase 7 (MER002984), tripeptidyl-peptidaseII (MER000355), subfamily S8A non-peptidase homologues (MER201339),subfamily S8A non-peptidase homologues (MER191613), subfamily S8Aunassigned peptidases (MER191611), subfamily S8A unassigned peptidases(MER191612), subfamily S8A unassigned peptidases (MER191614),tripeptidyl-peptidase I (MER003575), prolyl oligopeptidase (MER000393),dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (eukaryote) (MER000401), acylaminoacyl-peptidase(MER000408), fibroblast activation protein alpha subunit (MER000399),PREPL A protein (MER004227), dipeptidyl-peptidase 8 (MER013484),dipeptidyl-peptidase 9 (MER004923), FLJ1 putative peptidase (MER017240),Mername-AA194 putative peptidase (MER017353), Mername-AA195 putativepeptidase (MER017367), Mername-AA196 putative peptidase (MER017368),Mername-AA197 putative peptidase (MER017371), C14orf29 protein(MER033244), hypothetical protein (MER033245), hypotheticalesterase/lipase/thioesterase (MER047309), protein bat5 (MER037840),hypothetical protein flj40219 (MER033212), hypothetical protein flj37464(MER033240), hypothetical protein flj33678 (MER033241),dipeptidylpeptidase homologue DPP6 (MER000403), dipeptidylpeptidasehomologue DPP10 (MER005988), protein similar to Mus musculus chromosome20 open reading frame 135 (MER037845), kynurenine formamidase(MER046020), thyroglobulin precursor (MER011604), acetylcholinesterase(MER033188), cholinesterase (MER033198), carboxylesterase D1(MER033213), liver carboxylesterase (MER033220), carboxylesterase 3(MER033224), carboxylesterase 2 (MER033226), bile salt-dependent lipase(MER033227), carboxylesterase-related protein (MER033231), neuroligin 3(MER033232), neuroligin 4, X-linked (MER033235), neuroligin 4, Y-linked(MER033236), esterase D (MER043126), arylacetamide deacetylase(MER033237), KIAA1363-like protein (MER033242), hormone-sensitive lipase(MER033274), neuroligin 1 (MER033280), neuroligin 2 (MER033283), familyS9 non-peptidase homologues (MER212939), family S9 non-peptidasehomologues (MER211490), subfamily S9C unassigned peptidases (MER192341),family S9 unassigned peptidases (MER209181), family S9 unassignedpeptidases (MER200434), family S9 unassigned peptidases (MER209507),family S9 unassigned peptidases (MER209142), serine carboxypeptidase A(MER000430), vitellogenic carboxypeptidase-like protein (MER005492),RISC peptidase (MER010960), family S15 unassigned peptidases(MER199442), family S15 unassigned peptidases (MER200437), family S15unassigned peptidases (MER212825), lysosomal Pro-Xaa carboxypeptidase(MER000446), dipeptidyl-peptidase II (MER004952), thymus-specific serinepeptidase (MER005538), epoxide hydrolase-like putative peptidase(MER031614), Loc328574-like protein (MER033246), abhydrolasedomain-containing protein 4 (MER031616), epoxide hydrolase (MER000432),mesoderm specific transcript protein (MER199890), mesoderm specifictranscript protein (MER017123), cytosolic epoxide hydrolase (MER029997),cytosolic epoxide hydrolase (MER213866), similar to hypothetical proteinFLJ22408 (MER031608), CGI-58 putative peptidase (MER030163),Williams-Beuren syndrome critical region protein 21 epoxide hydrolase(MER031610), epoxide hydrolase (MER031612), hypothetical proteinflj22408 (epoxide hydrolase) (MER031617), monoglyceride lipase(MER033247), hypothetical protein (MER033249), valacyclovir hydrolase(MER033259), Ccg1-interacting factor b (MER210738), glycosylasparaginaseprecursor (MER003299), isoaspartyl dipeptidase (threonine type)(MER031622), taspase-1 (MER016969), gamma-glutamyltransferase 5(mammalian-type) (MER001977), gamma-glutamyltransferase 1(mammalian-type) (MER001629), gamma-glutamyltransferase 2 (Homo sapiens)(MER001976), gamma-glutamyltransferase-like protein 4 (MER002721),gamma-glutamyltransferase-like protein 3 (MER016970), similar togamma-glutamyltransferase 1 precursor (Homo sapiens) (MER026204),similar to gamma-glutamyltransferase 1 precursor (Homo sapiens)(MER026205). Memame-AA211 putative peptidase (MER026207),gamma-glutamyltransferase 6 (MER159283), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidasehomologue (chromosome 2, Homo sapiens) (MER037241), polycystin-1(MER126824), KIAA1879 protein (MER159329), polycystic kidney disease1-like 3 (MER172554), gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (MER002963), guanine5″-monophosphate synthetase (MER043387), carbamoyl-phosphate synthase(Homo sapiens-type) (MER078640), dihydro-orotase (N-terminal unit) (Homosapiens-type) (MER060647). DJ-1 putative peptidase (MER003390).Mername-AM 00 putative peptidase (MER014802). Mername-AA101non-peptidase homologue (MER014803). KIAA0361 protein (Homosapiens-type) (MER042827). FLJ34283 protein (Homo sapiens) (MER044553),non-peptidase homologue chromosome 21 open reading frame 33 (Homosapiens) (MER160094), family C56 non-peptidase homologues (MER177016),family C56 non-peptidase homologues (MER176613), family C56non-peptidase homologues (MER176918). EGF-like module containingmucin-like hormone receptor-like 2 (MER037230). CD97 antigen (humantype) (MER037286). EGF-like module containing mucin-like hormonereceptor-like 3 (MER037288). EGF-like module containing mucin-likehormone receptor-like 1 (MER037278). EGF-like module containingmucin-like hormone receptor-like 4 (MER037294), cadherin EGF LAGseven-pass G-type receptor 2 precursor (Homo sapiens) (MER045397), Gpr64(Mus musculus)-type protein (MER123205). GPR56 (Homo sapiens)-typeprotein (MER122057), latrophilin 2 (MER122199), latrophilin-1(MER126380), latrophilin 3 (MER124612), protocadherin Flamingo 2(MER124239). ETL protein (MER126267). G protein-coupled receptor 112(MER126114), seven transmembrane helix receptor (MER125448). Gpr114protein (MER159320). GPR126 vascular inducible G protein-coupledreceptor (MER140015). GPR125 (Homo sapiens)-type protein (MER159279).GPR116 (Homo sapiens)-type G-protein coupled receptor (MER159280).GPR128 (Homo sapiens)-type G-protein coupled receptor (MER162015).GPR133 (Homo sapiens)-type protein (MER159334) GPR110 G-protein coupledreceptor (MER159277), GPR97 protein (MER159322), KPG_006 protein(MER161773) KPG_008 protein (MER161835), KPG_009 protein (MER159335),unassigned homologue (MER166269), GPR113 protein (MER159352),brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2 (MER159746), PIDDauto-processing protein unit 1 (MER020001), PIDD auto-processing proteinunit 2 (MER063690), MUC1 self-cleaving mucin (MER074260), dystroglycan(MER054741), proprotein convertase 9 (MER022416), site-1 peptidase(MER001948), furin (MER000375), proprotein convertase 1 (MER000376),proprotein convertase 2 (MER000377), proprotein convertase 4(MER028255), PACE4 proprotein convertase (MER000383), proproteinconvertase 5 (MER002578), proprotein convertase 7 (MER002984),tripeptidyl-peptidase II LMER000355), subfamily S8A non-peptidasehomologues (MER201339), subfamily S8A non-peptidase homologues(MER191613), subfamily S8A unassigned peptidases (MER191611), subfamilyS8A unassigned peptidases (MER191612), subfamily S8A unassignedpeptidases (MER191614), tripeptidyl-peptidase I (MER003575), prolyloligopeptidase (MER000393), dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (eukaryote)(MER000401), acylaminoacyl-peptidase (MER000408), fibroblast activationprotein alpha subunit (MER000399), PREPL A protein (MER004227),dipeptidyl-peptidase 8 (MER013484), dipeptidyl-peptidase 9 (MER004923),FLJ1 putative peptidase (MER017240), Mername-AA194 putative peptidase(MER017353), Mername-AA195 putative peptidase (MER017367), Mername-AA196putative peptidase (MER017368), Mername-AA197 putative peptidase(MER017371), C14orf29 protein (MER033244), hypothetical protein(MER033245), hypothetical esterase/lipase/thioesterase (MER047309),protein bat5 (MER037840), hypothetical protein flj40219 (MER033212),hypothetical protein flj37464 (MER033240) hypothetical protein flj33678(MER033241), dipeptidylpeptidase homologue DPP6 (MER000403),dipeptidylpeptidase homologue DPP10 (MER005988), protein similar to Musmusculus chromosome 20 open reading frame 135 (MER037845), kynurenineformamidase (MER046020), thyroglobulin precursor (MER011604),acetylcholinesterase (MER033188), cholinesterase (MER033198),carboxylesterase D1 (MER033213), liver carboxylesterase (MER033220),carboxylesterase 3 (MER033224), carboxylesterase 2 (MER033226), bilesalt-dependent lipase (MER033227), carboxylesterase-related protein(MER033231), neuroligin 3 (MER033232), neuroligin 4, X-linked(MER033235), neuroligin 4, Y-linked (MER033236), esterase D (MER043126),arylacetamide deacetylase (MER033237), KIAA1363-like protein(MER033242), hormone-sensitive lipase (MER033274), neuroligin 1(MER033280), neuroligin 2 (MER033283), family S9 non-peptidasehomologues (MER212939), family S9 non-peptidase homologues (MER211490),subfamily S9C unassigned peptidases (MER192341), family S9 unassignedpeptidases (MER209181), family S9 unassigned peptidases (MER200434),family S9 unassigned peptidases (MER209507), family S9 unassignedpeptidases (MER209142), serine carboxypeptidase A (MER000430),vitellogenic carboxypeptidase-like protein (MER005492), RISC peptidase(MER010960), family S15 unassigned peptidases (MER199442), family S15unassigned peptidases (MER200437), family S15 unassigned peptidases(MER212825), lysosomal Pro-Xaa carboxypeptidase (MER000446),dipeptidyl-peptidase II (MER004952), thymus-specific serine peptidase(MER005538), epoxide hydrolase-like putative peptidase (MER031614),Loc328574-like protein (MER033246), abhydrolase domain-containingprotein 4 (MER031616), epoxide hydrolase (MER000432), mesoderm specifictranscript protein (MER199890), mesoderm specific transcript protein(MER017123), cytosolic epoxide hydrolase (MER029997), cytosolic epoxidehydrolase (MER213866), similar to hypothetical protein FLJ22408(MER031608), CGI-58 putative peptidase (MER030163). Williams-Beurensyndrome critical region protein 21 epoxide hydrolase (MER031610),epoxide hydrolase (MER031612), hypothetical protein flj22408 (epoxidehydrolase) (MER031617), monoglyceride lipase (MER033247), hypotheticalprotein (MER033249) valacyclovir hydrolase (MER033259), Ccg1-interactingfactor b (MER210738).

It will be appreciated that for a given unwanted cell type, the skilledperson can readily determine an appropriate protease cleavage site touse, for example by consulting scientific literature to determine whichproteases are overexpressed by that cell type. Oncomine (www.oncomineorg) is an online cancer gene expression database, and so when the agentof the invention is for treating cancer, the skilled person may searchthe Oncomine database to identify a particular protease cleavage sitethat will be appropriate for treating a given cancer type. Alternativedatabases include European Bioinformatic Institute (www.ebi.ac.uk) inparticular (www.ebi.ac.uk/gxa). Protease databases include PMAP(www.proteolysis.org), ExPASy Peptide Cutter (ca.expasy./org/tools/peptide cutter) and PMAP. Cut DB (cutdb .burnham.org).

It is noted that it may be desirable to screen a library of peptidesincorporating multiple potential cleavage sites and evaluating theoptimal cleavage site for a given unwanted cell (eg tumour). Suchpeptides may be useful as linkers to join the T cell antigen to thetargeting moiety as discussed below.

TABLE 4 Matrix showing preferred protease cleavage sites for treatingparticular tumours Protease Substrate Breast Ovarian EndometrialCervical Bladder Renal Melanoma Serine urokinase-type uPA CPGR-VVGG (SEQ• • • • • • plasminogen ID No: 254) activator tPA CPGR-VVGG (SEQ • IDNo: 254) Cathepsin A • Cathepsin G Plasmin GGR-X (SEQ ID No: 256) C1sYLGR-SYKV (SEQ ID No: 257) or MQLGR-X (SEQ ID No: 258) MASP2 SLGR-KIQI(SEQ ID No: 259) Thrombin LVPRGS (SEQ ID No: 260) Trypsin XXXR-X (SEQ IDNo: 261) Chymotrypsin Elastase 1 Leucocyte/Neut Elastase 2 AAPV-X (SEQID Elastase No: 262) Leucocyte/Neut Elastase 2 AAPV-X (SEQ ID ElastaseNo: 262) MT-SP1/ST14 Matriptase KQLR-VVNG (SEQ • • ID No: 263) orKQSR-KFVP (SEQ ID No: 264) MT-SP2 Matriptase2 • TMPRSS1 Hepsin • •TMPRSS2 GGR-X (SEQ ID No: 256) TMPRSS3 TMPRSS4 PSA Prostate SSKYQ (SEQID Specific No: 265) or Antigen HSSKLQL (SEQ ID No: 266) Leucocyte/NeutElastase 2 AAPV-X (SEQ ID Elastase No: 262) MT-SP1/ST14 MatriptaseKQLR-VVNG (SEQ • • ID No: 263) MT-SP2 Matriptase2 • TMPRSS1 Hepsin • •TMPRSS2 GGR-X (SEQ ID No: 256) TMPRSS3 TMPRSS4 PSA Prostate SSKYQ (SEQID Specific No: 265) or Antigen HSSKLQL (SEQ ID No: 266) CysteineCathepsin B GGGG-F (SEQ ID • No: 267) Cathepsin L Cathepsin F CathepsinH Cathepsin K • • Cathpsin L1 Cathepsin L2 Cathepsin O • Cathepsin WCathepsin S Cathepsin Z (or X) Aspartic Cathepsin D • Cathepsin EMetallo Collagenase 1 MMP1 PLG-LLG (SEQ ID • No: 268) Gelatinase A MMP2PQG-IAGQ (SEQ • • • • ID No: 269) or PVGLIG (SEQ ID No: 270) StromelysinMMP3 • MMP4 MMP5 MMP6 Matrilysin MMP7 Collagenase 2 MMP8 Gelatinase BMMP9 PQG-IAGQ (SEQ • • ID No: 269) or PRA-LY (SEQ ID No: 271) MMP10MMP11 • MMP12 • MMP13 MMP14 PRH-LR (SEQ ID • • • No: 272) MMP15 • MMP16MMP17 • MMP18 MMP19 MMP20 MMP21 MMP23A MMP23B MMP24 MMP25 MMP26 • MMP27MMP28 ADAM2 ADAM7 ADAM8 • • ADAM9 ADAM10 • • Metallo ADAM11 ADAM12 • •ADAM15 • ADAM17 • • • ADAM18/27 ADAM19 • ADAM20 ADAM21/31 ADAM22 ADAM23ADAM28 • • ADAM29 ADAM30 ADAM33 ADAMTS1 ADAMTS2 ADAMTS3 ADAMTS4ADAMTS5/11 ADAMTS6 ADAMTS7 ADAMTS8 ADAMTS9 ADAMTS10 ADAMTS12 ADAMTS13ADAMTS14 ADAMTS15 • ADAMTS16 ADAMTS17 ADAMTS18 ADAMTS19 ADAMTS20 Lung -Lung - Protease NSLC SLC Prostate Testicular Thyroid Brain OesophagealGastric Pancreatic Colorectal Serine urokinase-type uPA • • • • • •plasminogen activator tPA Cathepsin A Cathepsin G Plasmin C1s MASP2Thrombin Trypsin Chymotrypsin Elastase 1 Leucocyte/Neut Elastase 2Elastase Leucocyte/Neut Elastase 2 Elastase MT-SP1/ST14 Matriptase • •MT-SP2 Matriptase2 TMPRSS1 Hepsin • TMPRSS2 • TMPRSS3 TMPRSS4 • • • PSAProstate • Specific Antigen Leucocyte/Neut Elastase 2 ElastaseMT-SP1/ST14 Matriptase • • MT-SP2 Matriptase2 TMPRSS1 Hepsin • TMPRSS2 •TMPRSS3 TMPRSS4 • • • PSA Prostate • Specific Antigen Cysteine CathepsinB • • • Cathepsin L Cathepsin F Cathepsin H • Cathepsin K • Cathpsin L1Cathepsin L2 Cathepsin O Cathepsin W Cathepsin S • Cathepsin Z (or X)Aspartic Cathepsin D • • Cathepsin E Metallo Collagenase 1 MMP1 • • • •• • • Gelatinase A MMP2 • • Stromelysin MMP3 MMP4 MMP5 MMP6 MatrilysinMMP7 • • Collagenase 2 MMP8 Gelatinase B MMP9 • MMP10 MMP11 MMP12 MMP13MMP14 • • • • • • • • MMP15 • • MMP16 MMP17 MMP18 MMP19 MMP20 MMP21MMP23A MMP23B • MMP24 • MMP25 MMP26 • MMP27 MMP28 • • • • ADAM2 ADAM7ADAM8 • • • • ADAM9 • • • • • ADAM10 • • • Metallo ADAM11 ADAM12 • • •ADAM15 • • • • ADAM17 • • • • • • ADAM18/27 ADAM19 • ADAM20 ADAM21/31ADAM22 ADAM23 ADAM28 ADAM29 ADAM30 ADAM33 ADAMTS1 ADAMTS2 ADAMTS3ADAMTS4 ADAMTS5/11 ADAMTS6 ADAMTS7 ADAMTS8 • ADAMTS9 ADAMTS10 ADAMTS12ADAMTS13 ADAMTS14 ADAMTS15 ADAMTS16 ADAMTS17 ADAMTS18 ADAMTS19 ADAMTS20Model Cell Protease Liver Leukaemia Myeloma NHL Hodgkin's AML ALL CLLline Serine urokinase-type uPA • • • • • • plasminogen activator tPACathepsin A Cathepsin G Plasmin C1s MASP2 Thrombin Trypsin ChymotrypsinElastase 1 Leucocyte/Neut Elastase 2 Elastase Leucocyte/Neut Elastase 2Elastase MT-SP1/ST14 Matriptase MT-SP2 Matriptase2 TMPRSS1 HepsinTMPRSS2 TMPRSS3 TMPRSS4 PSA Prostate Specific Antigen Leucocyte/NeutElastase 2 Elastase MT-SP1/ST14 Matriptase MT-SP2 Matriptase2 TMPRSS1Hepsin TMPRSS2 TMPRSS3 TMPRSS4 PSA Prostate Specific Antigen CysteineCathepsin B Cathepsin L Cathepsin F Cathepsin H Cathepsin K Cathpsin L1Cathepsin L2 Cathepsin O Cathepsin W Cathepsin S Cathepsin Z (or X)Aspartic Cathepsin D • Cathepsin E Metallo Collagenase 1 MMP1 • PMAActivated U937 and MCF7 cells, MDA- MB231 Gelatinase A MMP2 • • •Colo205, H T29 Stromelysin MMP3 MMP4 MMP5 MMP6 Matrilysin MMP7 •Collagenase 2 MMP8 Gelatinase B MMP9 • MCF7, PC3 MMP10 MMP11 MMP12 MMP13MMP14 • MMP15 MMP16 MMP17 MMP18 MMP19 THP-1, HL-60 MMP20 MMP21 MMP23AMMP23B MMP24 MMP25 MMP26 MMP27 MMP28 ADAM2 ADAM7 ADAM8 ADAM9 • ADAM10 •Metallo ADAM11 ADAM12 • ADAM15 ADAM17 • LNCaP, MDA- MB231, MCF7 expressADAM17. Colo205 express barely any ADAM18/27 ADAM19 ADAM20 ADAM21/31ADAM22 ADAM23 ADAM28 ADAM29 ADAM30 ADAM33 ADAMTS1 ADAMTS2 ADAMTS3ADAMTS4 ADAMTS5/11 ADAMTS6 ADAMTS7 ADAMTS8 ADAMTS9 ADAMTS10 ADAMTS12ADAMTS13 ADAMTS14 ADAMTS15 ADAMTS16 ADAMTS17 ADAMTS18 ADAMTS19 ADAMTS20

TABLE 5 Tumour sites in which ADAM overexpression has been reportedProtein Tumour expression ADAM8 Brain, kidney, lung, pancreas ADAM9Breast, gastric, liver, lung, pancreas, prostate ADAM10 Colon, gastric,leukaemia, prostate, uterus, ovary ADAM12 Bladder, brain, breast, colon,gastric, liver ADAM15 Breast, gastric, lung, prostate ADAM17 Brain,breast, colon, gastric, kidney, liver, lung, ovary, pancreas, prostateADAM19 Brain, kidney ADAM28 Breast, kidney, lung A number of theproteolytic ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) have beendetected in cancers and mRNA or protein levels have been found to beupregulated relative to normal tissue (adapted from Nature ReviewsCancer 8, 932-941 (December 2008)|doi: 10.1038/nrc2459).

In one embodiment, the protease may be an esterase.

Other cleavage sites include linkages which are labile under certainconditions in the vicinity of unwanted cells (eg tumourmicroenvironment). For example, the cleavage site may comprisedisulphide bonds, which can be reduced in the hypoxic tumourmicroenvironment, or may comprise pH sensitive moieties that break inacidic conditions. It will be understood, however, that the cleavagesite must be selectively cleavable in the vicinity of the unwanted cellsand so such linkages must be more labile and preferably only labile inthe vicinity of unwanted cells compared to in the vicinity of wantedcells.

Alternatively, the cleavage site may comprise nucleic acid (eg DNA orRNA) that is selectively cleavable in the vicinity of unwanted cells (egby nucleases). Other cleavage sites include phosphate, lipid ordisulphide containing moieties that may be cleavable by appropriateenzymes.

Synthesis of Agent of Invention

Conveniently, the T cell antigen is joined to the targeting moiety by alinker. By ‘linker’ we include the meaning of a chemical moiety thatattaches the targeting moiety to the T cell antigen, and which comprisesa cleavage site that is cleavable selectively in the vicinity of theunwanted cells as described herein.

It is appreciated that the T cell antigen may either be bound covalentlyor non-covalently to the targeting moiety.

Preferably, the T cell antigen is covalently attached to the targetingmoiety.

In one embodiment, the T cell antigen and targeting moiety arecovalently attached by a linker.

Thus, the T cell antigen (e.g. peptide) and targeting moiety may beconveniently linked by any of the conventional ways of cross-linkingmolecules, such as those generally described in O'Sullivan et al Anal.Biochem. (1979) 100, 100-108, and as described in Example 2. Forexample, one of the T cell antigen (e.g. peptide) or targeting moietymay be enriched with thiol groups and the other reacted with abifunctional agent capable of reacting with those thiol groups, forexample the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of iodoacetic acid (NHIA) orN-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP), aheterobifunctional cross-linking agent which incorporates a disulphidebridge between the conjugated species. Amide and thioether bonds, forexample achieved with m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, aregenerally more stable in vivo than disulphide bonds.

It is known that bis-maleimide reagents allow the attachment of a thiolgroup (e.g. thiol group of a cysteine residue of an antibody) to anotherthiol-containing moiety (e.g. thiol group of a T cell antigen or alinker intermediate), in a sequential or concurrent fashion. Otherfunctional groups besides maleimide, which are reactive with a thiolgroup include iodoacetamide, bromoacetamide, vinyl pyridine, disulfide,pyridyl disulfide, isocyanate, and isothiocyanate.

Further useful cross-linking agents include S-acetylthioglycolic acidN-hydroxysuccinimide ester (SATA) which is a thiolating reagent forprimary amines which allows deprotection of the sulphydryl group undermild conditions (Julian et al (1983) Anal. Biochem. 132, 68),dimethylsuberimidate dihydrochloride and N,N′-o-phenylenedimaleimide.

Particularly preferred crosslinking agents include sulfosuccinimidyl4-[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (Sulfo-SMCC),sulfosuccinimidyl 6-(3′-[2-pyridyldithio]-propionamido) hexanoate(Sulfo-LC-SPDP) and N-[β-Maleimidopropionic acid] hydrazide,trifluoroacetic acid salt (BMPH).

It will be understood that a large number of homobifunctional andheterobifunctional crosslinking chemistries would be appropriate to jointhe targeting moiety to the T cell antigen, and any such chemistry maybe used. For example, Click Chemistry using Staudinger LigationChemistry (phosphine-azido chemistry) may be used.

It is appreciated that the T cell antigen and targeting moiety do notneed to be cross-linked directly to each other, but may be attached viaone or more spacer moieties. For example, the T cell antigen may becrosslinked to a chemical moiety which in turn is crosslinked to thetargeting moiety. In one embodiment, such a spacer moiety may comprise acleavage site that is cleavable selectively in the vicinity of theunwanted cells, as discussed below. It will be appreciated that thespacer moiety may serve to prevent steric hindrance and facilitateprotease cleavage.

Tables 6 and 7 provide examples of suitable T cell antigen peptides andhow they may be incorporated into the agent of the invention. Forexample, the T cell antigen peptide may be joined to a protease cleavagesite via a first spacer moiety, and the protease cleavage site in turnjoined to a linker moiety via a second spacer moiety. The linker may beused to attach the final peptide to the targeting moiety. Tables 6 and 7also list the proteases that cleave the corresponding protease cleavagesites.

Further examples of peptides containing a T cell antigen and proteasecleavage site, that may be incorporated into the agent of the invention(e.g. by attachment to an appropriate targeting moiety such as anantibody) are listed in the table below.

Protease that sequence is cleavable Peptide sequence Epitope bpKTPRVTGGGAMAIPVSLRSGGGGSGGGGSC  TPRVTGGGAM (SEQ ID No: 273)(SEQ ID No: 31) MMP2 DDYSNTHSTRYVTIPVSLRSGGGGSGGGGSC DYSNTHSTRYV(SEQ ID No: 274) (SEQ ID No: 55) MMP2 RNLVPMVATVQIPVSLRSGGGGSGGGGSC NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 275) (SEQ ID No: 21) MMP2CSGGGGSGGGGAIPVSLRANLVPMVATV  NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 276) (SEQ ID No: 21)MMP2 YVLEETSVMLIPVSLRSGGGGSGGGGSC  YVLEETSVM (SEQ ID No: 277)(SEQ ID No: 3) MMP2 NLVPMVATVQGALALALALC  NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 278)(SEQ ID No: 21) CD10 NLVPMVATVQGPLGALALALALALALALAL NLVPMVATVALALALC (SEQ ID No: 279) (SEQ ID No: 21) CD10 NLVPMVATVLPRSAKELRCNLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 280) (SEQ ID No: 21) MT1-MMP

In a particularly preferred embodiment when the T cell antigen is apeptide, the T cell antigen peptide is attached to the targeting moiety,either directly or indirectly through a spacer moiety, at itsN-terminus. This is illustrated in FIG. 9B, which lists three peptidesthat comprise a T cell epitope and a protease cleavage site. Peptides(i) and (ii) have the T cell epitope at the NI-terminus so that theepitope is attached to the targeting moiety via a spacer moiety(comprising a protease cleavage site and a cysteine coupling residue)joined to the C-terminus of the epitope. In contrast, peptide (iii)comprises the same T cell epitope but the epitope is attached to thetargeting moiety via a spacer moiety (comprising a protease cleavagesite and a cysteine coupling reside) joined to the N-terminus of theepitope. In peptides (i) and (ii), the N-terminus of the T-cell epitopeis further away from the targeting moiety (configuration: N terminus-(Tcell epitope)-C-terminus—Targeting moiety), whereas in peptide (iii),the C-terminus of the T-cell epitope is further away from the targetingmoiety (configuration: C-terminus-(T cell epitope)-N-terminus—Targetingmoiety). In other words, the configuration of peptide (iii) is thereverse of that of peptides (i) and (ii). Although both configurationsmay be used in the context of the invention, the configuration ofpeptide (iii) is preferred. Table 7 provides examples of a suitable Tcell antigen and how it may be incorporated into the agent of theinvention such that the T cell antigen would be attached to thetargeting moiety, either directly or indirectly through a spacer moietyat its N-terminus.

In view of the above, it is appreciated that the invention provides anagent for preventing or treating a condition characterised by thepresence of unwanted cells, the agent comprising (i) a targeting moietythat is capable of targeting to the unwanted cells; (ii) a T cellantigen; and (iii) a cleavable site between the targeting moiety and Tcell antigen, wherein the cleavable site can be selectively cleaved inthe vicinity of the unwanted cells.

In a specific embodiment where the T cell antigen and targeting moietyare covalently attached and where both the antigen and targeting moietyare peptides or polypeptides, it is appreciated that the two componentsmay be part of a fusion polypeptide that may be encoded by a nucleicacid molecule. The invention includes such a nucleic acid molecule andhost cells containing them. For example, an antibody targeting moietymay be genetically engineered to contain the T cell antigen usinggenetic engineering techniques well established in the art. Thus, itwill be appreciated that the T cell antigen may be embedded within thepolypeptide sequence of the targeting moiety, provided that it can bereleased so as to be capable of being presented on an unwanted cell toelicit a T cell response. For example, the T cell antigen may residewithin the polypeptide of the targeting moiety and be flanked by twocleavage sites which each may be selectively cleaved in the vicinity ofthe unwanted cell. Alternatively, the T cell antigen may reside at oneterminus of the targeting moiety and be released by virtue of onecleavage site being cleaved. Suitably, the T cell antigen and thetargeting moiety are joined so that both portions retain theirrespective activities such that the agent may be targeted to an unwantedcell and the T cell antigen may be presented by the unwanted cell so asto elicit an immune response. The T cell antigen and targeting moietyportions are typically joined by a linker peptide which comprises acleavage site that is cleavable selectively in the vicinity of theunwanted cells as described below. Suitable linker peptides are thosethat typically adopt a random coil conformation, for example thepolypeptide may contain alanine or proline or a mixture of alanine plusproline residues. Preferably, the linker contains between 2 and 100amino acid residues, more preferably between 2 and 50 and still morepreferably between 4 and 20. A particular example of having both thetargeting moiety and T cell antigen as part of the same polypeptide isillustrated in FIG. 7, wherein an ScFv antibody-like fragment, aprotease cleavage site and a T-cell epitope are encoded as a singlepolypeptide chain. It will be appreciated that such polypeptides arewithin the scope of the invention including the polypeptide of thespecific example given in FIG. 7D.

Polynucleotides which encode suitable targeting moieties are known inthe art or can be readily designed from known sequences such as fromsequences of proteins known to interact with surface markers expressedon unwanted cells or contained in nucleotide sequence databases such asthe GenBank, EMBL and dbEST databases.

Polynucleotides which encode suitable T cell antigens are known in theart or can readily be designed from known sequences and made.

Polynucleotides which encode suitable linker peptides can readily bedesigned from linker peptide sequences and made.

Thus, polynucleotides which encode the agents used in the invention canreadily be constructed using well known genetic engineering techniques.

TABLE 6Examples of peptide T cell antigens, spacers and linkers. By ′final peptide′we mean the peptidethat is attached to the targeting moiety, for example by crosslinking via a cysteine thiol groupEpitope Spacer 1 Cleavage Spacer2 Linker Final Peptide ProteaseNLVPMVATV Q KWNKWALSR ASALASAL (SEQ C NLVPMVATVQKWNKWALSRASALASALC(SEQ ID No: (SEQ ID No: ID No: 282) (SEQ ID No: 283) 21) 281) NLVPMVATVQ HSSKLQL GGGSGGGGS C NLVPMVATVQHSSKLQLGGGSGGGGSC PSA (SEQ ID No:(SEQ ID No: (SEQ ID No: 284) (SEQ ID No: 285) 21) 266) NLVPMVATV QGGGGF (SEQ GGGGFGGGGF C NLVPMVATVQGGGGFGGGGFGGGGFC Cathepsin B(SEQ ID No: ID No: 267) (SEQ ID No: 286) (SEQ ID No: 287) 21) NLVPMVATVQ KQSRKFVP GGGSGGGGS C NLVPMVATVQKQSRKFVPGGGSGGGGSC Matriptase(SEQ ID No: (SEQ ID No: (SEQ ID No: 284) (SEQ ID No: 288) 21) 264)NLVPMVATV Q CPGRWGG GGGSGGGGS C NLVPMVATVQCPGRWGGGGGSGGGGSC UPa(SEQ ID No: (SEQ ID No: (SEQ ID No: 284) (SEQ ID No: 289) 21) 254)NLVPMVATV Q YLGRSYKV GGGSGGGGS C NLVPMVATVQYLGRSYKVGGGSGGGGSC C1s(SEQ ID No: (SEQ ID No: (SEQ ID No: 284) (SEQ ID No: 290) 21) 257)NLVPMVATV Q GPQGIASQ GGGSGGGGS C NLVPMVATVQGPQGIASQGGGSGGGGSCMMP2 / MMP9 (SEQ ID No: (SEQ ID No: (SEQ ID No: 284) (SEQ ID No: 292)21) 291) NLVPMVATV Q PQG-IAGQ GGGSGGGGS C NLVPMVATVQPQG-IAGQGGGSGGGGSCMMP2 / MMP9 (SEQ ID No: (SEQ ID No: (SEQ ID No: 284) (SEQ ID No: 293)21) 269) NLVPMVATV Q VLKVLKVLK GGGSGGGGS C NLVPMVATVQVLKVLKVLKGGGSGGGGSC(SEQ ID No: (SEQ ID No: (SEQ ID No: 284) (SEQ ID No: 295) 21) 294)

TABLE 7Examples of peptide T cell antigens, spacers and linkers. By ′final peptide′we mean the peptide thatis attached to the targeting moiety, for example by crosslinking via a cysteine thiol groupLinker Spacer 1 Cleavage Spacer 2 Epitope Final Peptide Protease CSGGGGSGGGG CPGRWGG A NLVPMVATV CSGGGGSGGGGCPGRWGGANLVP uPa/tPA(SEQ ID No: 296) (SEQ ID No: 254) (SEQ ID No: 21) MVATV (SEQ ID No: 297)C SGGGGSGGGG GGR A NLVPMVATV CSGGGGSGGGGGGRANLVPMVAN  Plasmin/(SEQ ID No: 296) (SEQ ID No: 21) (SEQ ID No: 298) TMPRSS2 C SGGGGSGGGGYLGRSYKV A NLVPMVATV CSGGGGSGGGGYLGRSYKVANLV C1s (SEQ ID No: 296)(SEQ ID No: 257) (SEQ ID No: 21) PMVATV (SEQ ID No: 299) C SGGGGSGGGGSLGRKIQI A NLVPMVATV CSGGGGSGGGGSLGRKIQIANLV MASP2 (SEQ ID No: 296)(SEQ ID No: 259) (SEQ ID No: 21) PMVATV (SEQ ID No: 300) C SGGGGSGGGGLVPRGS A NLVPMVATV CSGGGGSGGGGLVPRGSANLVPM Thrombin (SEQ ID No: 296)(SEQ ID No: 260) (SEQ ID No: 21) VATV (SEQ ID No: 301) C SGGGGSG  GGGR A NLVPMVATV CSGGGGSGGGGRANLVPMVATV  Trypsin (SEQ ID No: 302)(SEQ ID No: 303) (SEQ ID No: 21) (SEQ ID No: 304) C SGGGGSGGGG AAPV  ANLVPMVATV CSGGGGSGGGGAAPVANLVPMVA Elastase 2 (SEQ ID No: 296)(SEQ ID No: 262) (SEQ ID No: 21) TV (SEQ ID No: 305) C SGGGGSGGGGKQLRWNG A NLVPMVATV CSGGGGSGGGGKQLRWNGANLVP MT-SP1/ST14 (SEQ ID No: 296)(SEQ ID No: 263) (SEQ ID No: 21) MVATV(SEQ ID No: 306) C SGGGGSGGGGSSKYQ A NLVPMVATV CSGGGGSGGGGSSKYQANLVPMV PSA (SEQ ID No: 296)(SEQ ID No: 265) (SEQ ID No: 21) (ATV SEQ ID No: 307) C SGGGGSGGGG GGGGFA NLVPMVATV CSGGGGSGGGGGGGGFANLVPMV Cathepsin B (SEQ ID No: 296)(SEQ ID No: 267) (SEQ ID No: 21) ATV (SEQ ID No: 308)

The nucleic acid is then expressed in a suitable host to produce anagent of the invention. Thus, the nucleic acid encoding the agent of theinvention may be used in accordance with known techniques, appropriatelymodified in view of the teachings contained herein, to construct anexpression vector, which is then used to transform an appropriate hostcell for the expression and production of the agent of the invention ofthe invention.

It is appreciated that the nucleic acid encoding the agent of theinvention may be joined to a wide variety of other nucleic acidsequences for introduction into an appropriate host. The companionnucleic acid will depend upon the nature of the host, the manner of theintroduction of the nucleic acid into the host, and whether episomalmaintenance or integration is desired, as is well known in the art.

In an alternative embodiment, the T cell antigen and targeting moietyare non-covalently attached. For non-covalent bindings, immunologicalbindings or such binding as via biotin/avidin or streptavidin,respectively, are preferred. For example, the targeting moiety may be abispecific antibody, one specificity of which is directed to an entityexpressed by the unwanted cell and one specificity of which is directedto the T cell antigen or part thereof. Also, it is possible to couplethe T cell antigen to another substance against which, in turn, thespecificity of the bispecific antibody will be directed to. Forinstance, the T cell antigen may contain further peptidic sequenceswhich are recognised by the bispecific antibody. Another possibilityinvolves coupling the targeting moiety, for example to streptavidinwhilst the T cell antigen is coupled to biotin, and vice versa. Othermeans by which non-covalent interactions can be formed include leucinezipper sequences or affinity bonds. In any event, between the T cellantigen and targeting moiety there must be a cleavage site that iscleavable selectively in the vicinity of the unwanted cells, such thatthe T cell antigen can be released from the targeting moiety.

Amino acid residues described herein are generally in the natural “L”isomeric form. However, residues in the “D” isomeric form can besubstituted for L-amino acid residues in certain situations, providedthat the agent of the invention still retains its function, namely toprevent or treat a condition characterised by the presence of unwantedcells. The definition also includes, unless otherwise specificallyindicated, chemically-modified amino acids, including amino acidanalogues (such as penicillamine, 3-mercapto-D-valine),naturally-occurring non-proteogenic amino acids (such as norleucine),beta-amino acids, azapeptides, N-methylated amino acids andchemically-synthesised compounds that have properties known in the artto be characteristic of an amino acid. The term “proteogenic” indicatesthat the amino acid can be incorporated into a protein in a cell throughwell-known metabolic pathways. The definition also includes amino acidsin which the functional side group has been chemically derivatised. Suchderivatised molecules include, for example, those molecules in whichfree amino groups have been derivatised to form amine hydrochlorides,p-toluene sulfonyl groups, carbobenzoxy groups, t-butyloxycarbonylgroups, chloroacetyl groups or formyl groups. Free carboxyl groups maybe derivatised to form salts, methyl and ethyl esters or other types ofesters or hydrazides. Free hydroxyl groups may be derivatised to formO-acyl or O-alkyl derivatives. Also included as derivatives are thosepeptide portions that contain one or more naturally occurring amino acidderivatives of the twenty standard amino acids.

Accordingly, it is appreciated that the peptide portions of the agent ofthe invention can be peptide “mimetice”, i.e. peptidomimetics whichmimic the structural features of peptides comprising or consisting ofthe amino acid sequence as described herein. Peptidomimetics can be evenmore advantageous in therapeutic use, in the resistance to degradation,in permeability or in possible oral administration.

A primary goal in the design of peptide mimetics has been to reduce thesusceptibility of mimetics to cleavage and inactivation by peptidases.In one approach, such as disclosed by Sherman et al (1990), one or moreamide bonds have been replaced in an essentially isosteric manner by avariety of chemical functional groups. This stepwise approach has metwith some success in that active analogues have been obtained. In someinstances, these analogues have been shown to possess longer biologicalhalf-lives than their naturally-occurring counterparts. In anotherapproach, a variety of uncoded or modified amino acids such as D-aminoacids and N-methyl amino acids have been used to modify mammalianpeptides. Alternatively, a presumed bioactive conformation has beenstabilised by a covalent modification, such as cyclization or byincorporation of γ-lactam or other types of bridges (Veber et al, 1978)and Thorsett at al, 1983). Another approach, disclosed by Rich (1986)has been to design peptide mimics through the application of thetransition state analogue concept in enzyme inhibitor design. Forexample, it is known that the secondary alcohol of statine mimics thetetrahedral transition state of the sessile amide bond of the pepsinsubstrate. Other approaches include the use of azapeptides andbeta-amino acids.

Also included in the definition of ‘peptidomimetics’, are retro-inversopeptides. By retro-inverso peptides (also known as all-D-retro orretro-enantio peptides) we include the meaning of a peptide in which allof the L-amino acids are replaced with D-amino acids and the peptidebonds are reversed. Thus, the peptides are composed of D-amino acidsassembled in the reverse order from that of the parent L-sequence.Retro-inverso peptides can be synthesised by methods known in the art,for example such as those described in Meziere et al (1997) J. Immunot159 3230-3237. This approach involves making pseudopeptides containingchanges involving the backbone, and not the orientation of side chainswhich remain very similar to the parent peptide. Retro-inverse peptidesare much more resistant to proteolysis.

Therefore, it will be appreciated that when any of the targeting moiety,T cell antigen, cleavage site, spacer moieties and targeting moiety asdescribed herein are peptides or polypeptides, any one or more of thosepeptides or polypeptides may be substituted for a correspondingpeptidomimetic that retains the respective activity of the parentpeptide or polypeptide. This may help to confer protease resistance onthe agent of the invention and thereby improve its stability. Thus, forexample, when a T cell antigen is attached to a targeting moiety via oneor more peptide spacer moieties, it may be desirable for one or more ofthose spacer moieties to be peptidomimetics, e.g. wherein one or more ofthe naturally occurring amino acids of the spacer moieties are replacedor modified, for example, to improve stability.

Another approach to increase stability of peptide portions of the agentof the invention is to have stabilising groups at one or both termini.Typical stabilising groups include amido, acetyl, benzyl, phenyl, tosyl,alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl carbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl and the like end groupmodifications. Additional modifications include using a “D” amino acidin place of a “L” amino acid at the termini, and amide rather than aminoor carboxy termini or acetyl rather than amino termini, to inhibitexopeptidase activity. Thus, it is appreciated that whenever the agentof the invention has an exposed peptide terminus, that terminus may havea capping moiety, preferably a moiety that is less than 200 Da inmolecular weight. Further capping moieties include a naftyl group or apolyethylene glycol group. It is appreciated that retro-inverso peptidesare already relatively stable and so may not require additional cappingmoieties.

Preferably, the agent of the invention has a half-life in plasma of atleast 24 hours at 37° C.

It may be desirable to modify the agent of the invention so that it canbe more easily detected, for example by biotinylating it or byincorporating any detectable label known in the art such as radiolabels,fluorescent labels or enzymatic labels.

A particular preferred embodiment of the invention provides an agent forpreventing or treating cancer, the agent comprising:

-   i) a targeting moiety that is capable of targeting to the cancer;    and-   ii) an immunogenic T cell peptide,

wherein the T cell peptide can be released from the targeting moiety byselective cleavage in the vicinity of the cancer.

The cancer may be any cancer such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer,endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, bladder cancer, renal cancer,melanoma, lung cancer, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, thyroidcancer, brain cancer, oesophageal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreaticcancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, leukaemia, myeloma,non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, acute myeloid leukaemia,acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, chronic lymphoblastic leukaemia,lymphoproliferative disorder, myelodysplastic disorder,myeloproliferative disease and premalignant disease.

As described above, the inventors have shown that agents of theinvention may be used to redirect existing immune responses to killparticular unwanted cells in a specific manner. Since any unwanted cellmay be targeted in this way, the agents of the invention offersignificant therapeutic potential.

Accordingly, a second aspect of the invention provides a method ofpreventing or treating a condition characterised by the presence ofunwanted cells, the method comprising administering an agent accordingto the first aspect of the invention to a subject.

Thus, the method may involve identifying a subject who has a conditionor who is at risk of developing a condition characterised by unwantedcells (eg cancer), administering the agent according to the first aspectof the invention to the subject, and monitoring the levels of theunwanted cells in the subject either by conducting tests to determinethe number of unwanted cells or by monitoring the clinical symptoms ofthe subject. Depending on the results of the monitoring step, it may benecessary to administer more of the agent.

Similarly, the invention includes an agent according to the first aspectof the invention for use in preventing or treating a conditioncharacterised by the presence of unwanted cells.

The invention also includes the use of an agent according to the firstaspect of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament forpreventing or treating a condition characterised by the presence ofunwanted cells.

Preferences for the condition and unwanted cells, are as described abovewith respect to the first aspect of the invention. Preferably, theunwanted cells are tumour cells and the condition is a tumour.

By preventing or treating a condition we include the meaning of reducingor alleviating symptoms in a patient (i.e. palliative use), preventingsymptoms from worsening or progressing, treating the disorder (e.g. byinhibition or elimination of the causative agent), or prevention of thecondition or disorder in a subject who is free therefrom.

It will be appreciated that the agents of the invention lend themselvesto personalised medicine in the clinic whereby the most appropriateagent to be administered to the patient is determined, and eitherselected or prepared in the clinic. For example, before the step ofadministering the agent to the subject, any one of the following may bedetermined: (i) the MHC alleles of the subject, (ii) the cytotoxic Tcell response of the subject to a T cell antigen and (iii) theexpression profile of the unwanted cell with regards to a molecule whichmay be the target of the targeting moiety and/or an enzyme which is ableto cleave the cleavage site in the agent of the invention. The MHCalleles of a subject can be assessed by serological assays at theantigen level or by using DNA assays at the genetic level. Determiningwhether a given antigen stimulates a specific cytotoxic T cell responsein a subject can be done by contacting isolated peripheral mononuclearblood cells from the subject with the antigen and using standard assaysfor cell proliferation. Assessing the expression profile of the unwantedcell may be carried out on a biopsy sample using routine assays formeasuring nucleic acid (e.g. DNA or RNA transcripts) or protein levels.For example, transcriptomic or proteomic techniques may be used. In thisway, it will be possible to identify tailored targeting moieties thatbind specifically to, for example, surface markers expressed by theunwanted cell. It may also be possible to identify appropriate proteasecleavage sites that may be selectively cleaved in the vicinity of theunwanted cells.

Thus the method of the second aspect of the invention may include thesteps of (i) identifying a subject who has a condition, or who is atrisk of developing a condition characterised by the presence of unwantedcells (eg cancer), (ii) taking a sample from the subject, (iii)analysing the sample to identify the optimum targeting moiety, T cellantigen and/or cleavage site for preventing or treating the condition inthat subject, (iii) preparing the agent of the invention, (iv)administering the agent to the subject, and (v) monitoring the levels ofunwanted cells in the subject either by conducting tests to determinethe number of unwanted cells or by monitoring the clinical symptoms ofthe subject.

It is appreciated that an apparatus may be used to select and optionallyprepare the most appropriate agent to be used for a particular patient.For example, the apparatus may perform an automated analysis of one ormore samples from the subject, and based on this analysis select andoptionally prepare a tailor-made agent for that subject. Thus theapparatus may perform serological assays on the sample to determine asubject's MHC alleles and based on this test various peptides for theirefficiency in eliciting cytotoxic T cell response, so as to identify thebest T cell antigen for use in that patient. Similarly, the apparatusmay carry out an expression profile of unwanted cells from the subject(eg from a biopsy sample) so as to determine a suitable targeting moietythat will bind to the unwanted cell and/or determine a suitable cleavagesite that will be selectively cleaved in the vicinity of the unwantedcell.

By performing any one or more of these steps in the clinic an agenttailored for a particular subject can be prepared. For example, theagent can contain a T cell antigen that is known to bind to patient'sMHC molecules and elicit a strong T cell response, a targeting moietythat is known to bind selectively to surface markers expressed by theunwanted cell, and a protease cleavage site that allows the release ofthe T cell antigen in the vicinity of the unwanted cells.

In one embodiment, the subject is administered a further therapeuticagent in addition to the agent according to the first aspect of theinvention. For example, when administering the agent to prevent or treata particular condition, a further therapeutic agent known to be usefulfor combating that condition may be administered. As an example, whenthe agent is for treating cancer, a further anti-cancer agent (eganti-neoplastic chemotherapy) may be administered to the subjectalongside the agent of the invention. Similarly, the further therapeuticagent may be one that is known to have therapeutic application inallergic disease, inflammatory disease, regenerative medicine andneuroregenerative disease.

It is appreciated that the further therapeutic agent may be administeredat the same time as the agent of the invention (i.e. simultaneousadministration optionally in a co-formulation) or at a different time tothe agent of the invention (i.e. sequential administration).

The further therapeutic agent may be any one or more of a vaccine; animmuno stimulatory drug; an anti-cancer agent; an agent inhibiting anantibody response against the agent of the invention; and/or a proteaseinhibitor.

For example, in order to boost the effector immune response against theparticular T cell antigen used, it may be desirable to vaccinate thesubject with the T cell antigen; and/or administer immunostimulatingagents such as IL-2, IL-7, IFNα, GM-CSF, metformin, lenalidomide; and/oradminister anti-immunoregulatory agents such as Ipilimumab; all of whichmay be considered as further therapeutic agents.

It is also appreciated that if the subject is one to whom isadministered immunosuppressive agents, that these immunosuppressiveagents are withdrawn from the subject (e.g. by suspending treatment)when or before being administered the agent of the invention.

Similarly, it may be desirable to employ methods aimed at circumventingany immunogenicity issues relating to the agent of the invention wherebyan adverse antibody response is elicited in vivo. For example, thesubject may also be administered one or more agents that are known toinhibit the activity of B cells, such as any of Rituximab,cyclophosphamide, Syk inhibitors, an anti-BAFF antibody (eg Belimumab),an anti-CD22 antibody, an anti-CD20 antibody and an anti-CD19 antibody,all of which may be considered as further therapeutic agents. In thiscase, it is particularly preferred if the inhibitor of B cells isadministered to the subject prior to the agent of the invention, eg as apre-treatment to ablate B cells.

In another embodiment, it may be appropriate to administer a particularprotease inhibitor so as to improve the target selectivity of the agentof the invention. For example, if a targeting moiety is known to bindcells in both the heart and breast tissue, but only those in the breastare to be targeted, it may be desirable to administer an agent thatselectively inhibits the protease responsible for releasing the T cellantigen, in the heart but not the breast. In other words, an agent isadministered to inhibit a protease that is capable of releasing the Tcell antigen but which protease resides in the vicinity (eg at or nearthe surface of) of wanted cells but not in the vicinity (eg at or nearthe surface of) of unwanted cells. This is particularly useful in theevent that a protease cleavage site of the agent of the invention iscleavable by multiple proteases, some of which reside in the vicinity ofunwanted cells and some of which reside in the vicinity of wanted cells.In this case, targeting specificity may be improved by administering aprotease inhibitor that inhibits a protease that resides in the vicinityof wanted cells but nevertheless is capable of cleaving the cleavagesite and therefore releasing the T cell antigen from the agent of theinvention. The effect of administering the inhibitor would be to ensurethat the T cell antigen is preferentially released in the vicinity ofthe unwanted cells. For instance, if a subject with cancer also hasactive rheumatoid arthritis where MMP2 and other proteases are active,and the one or more cleavage sites in the agent of the invention arecleavable by multiple proteases including MMP2, it may be beneficial toinhibit MMP2 to prevent cleavage of the agent at the arthritic joint butretain cleavage at the cancer site by another protease.

The invention thus includes a composition comprising (i) an agentaccording to the first aspect of the invention and (ii) a furthertherapeutic agent, for use in preventing or treating a conditioncharacterised by the presence of unwanted cells. Given that the agent ofthe invention and the further therapeutic agent may be administeredsimultaneously or sequentially, it will be appreciated that theinvention includes an agent according to the first aspect of theinvention for use in preventing or treating a condition characterised bythe presence of unwanted cells in a subject who is administered afurther therapeutic agent. It also follows that the invention includes atherapeutic agent for use in preventing or treating a conditioncharacterised by the presence of unwanted cells in a subject who isadministered an agent according to the first aspect of the invention.

Similarly, the invention includes a use of a composition comprising (i)an agent according to the first aspect of the invention and (ii) afurther therapeutic agent, in the manufacture of a medicament forpreventing or treating a condition characterised by the presence ofunwanted cells. Again, given that the agent of the invention and thefurther therapeutic agent may be administered simultaneously orsequentially, it will be appreciated that the invention includes the useof a composition comprising an agent according to the first aspect ofthe invention in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing ortreating a condition characterised by the presence of unwanted cells ina subject who is administered a further therapeutic agent. It alsofollows that the invention includes the use of a therapeutic agent inthe manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating a conditioncharacterised by the presence of unwanted cells in a subject who isadministered an agent according to the first aspect of the invention.

The invention also provides a composition comprising (i) an agentaccording to the first aspect of the invention and (ii) a furthertherapeutic agent suitable for preventing or treating the same conditioncharacterised by the presence of unwanted cells. It is appreciated thatthe therapeutic agent mentioned in the immediately preceding twoparagraphs may be agents suitable for treating the same conditioncharacterised by the presence of unwanted cells, as treatable by theagents of the invention.

A third aspect of the invention provides an agent according to the firstaspect of the invention for use in medicine.

A fourth aspect of the invention a pharmaceutical composition comprisingan agent according to the first aspect of the invention, and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.

Whilst it is possible for the agent of the invention to be administeredalone, it is preferable to present it as a pharmaceutical formulation,together with one or more acceptable carriers. The carrier(s) must be“acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the therapeutic agentand not deleterious to the recipients thereof. Typically, the carrierswill be water or saline which will be sterile and pyrogen free.

Where appropriate, the formulations may conveniently be presented inunit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known inthe art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing intoassociation the active ingredient (agent for treating or preventing acondition characterised by unwanted cells) with the carrier whichconstitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, theformulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing intoassociation the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely dividedsolid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

Formulations in accordance with the present invention suitable for oraladministration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules,cachets or tablets, each containing a predetermined amount of the activeingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in anaqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquidemulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. The active ingredient mayalso be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.

A tablet may be made by compression or moulding, optionally with one ormore accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared bycompressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in afree-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with abinder (e.g. povidone, gelatin, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose),lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (e.g. sodium starchglycolate, cross-linked povidone, cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent. Moulded tablets may bemade by moulding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powderedcompound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets mayoptionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provideslow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, forexample, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose in varying proportions to providedesired release profile.

Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth includelozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavoured basis, usuallysucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the activeingredient in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucroseand acacia; and mouth-washes comprising the active ingredient in asuitable liquid carrier.

Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous andnon-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants,buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonicwith the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueoussterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickeningagents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dosecontainers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored ina freeze-dried (lyophilised) condition requiring only the addition ofthe sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections,immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions andsuspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tabletsof the kind previously described.

The agent of the invention can be administered in the form of asuppository or pessary, or they may be applied topically in the form ofa lotion, solution, cream, ointment or dusting powder. The agent mayalso be transdermally administered, for example, by the use of a skinpatch.

Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose orunit, daily sub-dose or an appropriate fraction thereof, of an activeingredient.

It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients particularlymentioned above the formulations of this invention may include otheragents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulationin question, for example those suitable for oral administration mayinclude flavouring agents.

The amount of the agent which is administered to the individual is anamount effective to combat the particular individual's condition. Theamount may be determined by the physician.

Preferably, in the context of any aspect of the invention describedherein, the subject to be treated is a human. Alternatively, the subjectmay be an animal, for example a domesticated animal (for example a dogor cat), laboratory animal (for example laboratory rodent, for examplemouse, rat or rabbit) or an animal important in agriculture (i.e.livestock), for example horses, cattle, sheep or goats.

The invention provides a kit of parts for preventing or treating acondition characterised by the presence of unwanted cells, the kitcomprising: (i) a targeting moiety that is capable of targeting to theunwanted cells and which is attached to a first binding partner, and(ii) a T cell antigen that is attached to a second binding partner whichis capable of binding to the first binding partner, wherein the T cellantigen can be released from the second binding partner by selectivecleavage of a cleavage site between the second binding partner and Tcell antigen in the vicinity of the unwanted cells.

Preferences for the condition, unwanted cells, targeting moiety and Tcell antigen are as defined above. It is particularly preferred if thekit of parts is for preventing or treating cancer.

By the first and second binding partners, we include the meaning of anytwo moieties which bind to each other selectively. Most preferably, thefirst and second binding partners only bind to each other and not to anyother moieties. Non-covalent binding such as between biotin/avidin orstreptavidin, or immunological bindings are preferred.

Thus, the first binding partner may be biotin and the second bindingpartner may be avidin, and vice versa. Alternatively, the first bindingpartner may be an antigen and the second binding partner may be anantibody specific for that antigen, and vice versa. However, any pair offirst and second binding partners that selectively bind to each othermay be used, and suitable pairs will be known to the skilled person.

It will be appreciated that the kit allows one to first administer thetargeting moiety to the subject, and establish the correct localisationof the targeting moiety in the subject (for example by the targetingmoiety being detectably labelled (eg radiolabelled)) beforeadministering the T cell antigen. The T cell antigen is then targeted tothe unwanted cells by virtue of the second binding partner binding tothe first binding partner. Once in the vicinity of the unwanted cells,the T cell antigen will be released from the second binding partner byselective cleavage of a cleavage site between the second binding partnerand T cell antigen, allowing it to be presented on the surface of theunwanted cells so as to re-direct an existing immune response to theunwanted cells.

Accordingly, the invention further provides a method of preventing ortreating a condition characterised by the presence of unwanted cells,the method comprising administering (i) a targeting moiety that iscapable of targeting to the unwanted cells and which is attached to afirst binding partner, and (ii) a T cell antigen that is attached to asecond binding partner which is capable of binding to the first bindingpartner, wherein the T cell antigen can be released from the secondbinding partner by selective cleavage of a cleavage site between thesecond binding partner and T cell antigen in the vicinity of theunwanted cells, to the subject. Preferably, the targeting moiety isadministered before the T cell antigen, for example to allow to correctlocalisation of the targeting moiety at the unwanted cells to beestablished. However, the targeting moiety may be administered at thesame time as the T cell antigen.

Similarly, the invention provides a targeting moiety that is capable oftargeting to unwanted cells and which is attached to a first bindingpartner, and a T cell antigen that is attached to a second bindingpartner which is capable of binding to the first binding partner,wherein the T cell antigen can be released from the second bindingpartner by selective cleavage of a cleavage site between the secondbinding partner and T cell antigen in the vicinity of the unwantedcells, for use in preventing or treating a condition characterised byunwanted cells in a subject. Preferably, the targeting moiety isadministered before the T cell antigen, for example to allow to correctlocalisation of the targeting moiety at the unwanted cells to beestablished. However, the targeting moiety may be administered at thesame time as the T cell antigen. It is appreciated that the targetingmoiety and T cell antigen may be attached to each other by binding ofthe first and second binding partners.

A further kit of parts provided by the invention comprises (i) atargeting moiety that is capable of targeting to unwanted cells, (ii) aT cell antigen, and (iii) one or more means or reagents to assess one ormore of a subject's (a) MHC alleles, (b) cytotoxic T cell response to aT cell antigen and (c) expression profile of an unwanted cell in thesubject.

Preferences for the targeting moiety and T cell antigen include those asdescribed herein. It will be appreciated that this kit of parts may beuseful in tailoring a particular agent as defined in the first aspect ofthe invention for a given patient. Suitable means or reagents that canbe used to assess a subject's (a) MHC alleles, (b) cytotoxic T cellresponse to a T cell antigen and (c) expression profile of an unwantedcell in the subject, are well known and widely available in the art. Inone embodiment, the kit of parts comprises the agent of the first aspectof the invention and the kit may be used to determine whether that agentis suitable for a particular patient.

The invention also provides a molecule comprising (i) a T cell antigenand (ii) a cleavage site; wherein the cleavage site contains a linkingmoiety to allow the molecule to be attached to a targeting moiety whichtargeting moiety is capable of targeting to unwanted cells, and whereinthe cleavage site can be selectively cleaved in the vicinity of theunwanted cells.

It is appreciated that the molecule may represent the part of the agentof the first aspect of the invention, without the targeting moiety.Thus, preferences for the T cell antigen, the cleavage site, how thecleavage site is attached to the targeting moiety (e.g. via a linkermoiety comprising a thiol group such a cysteine residue), the targetingmoiety and unwanted cells include all of those defined above withrespect to the first aspect of the invention.

In a particular embodiment, the molecule comprises those final peptideslisted in Table 6 above, wherein the ‘epitope’ listed in Table 6corresponds to the T cell antigen of the molecule, and wherein the‘cleavage sequence’ listed in Table 6 corresponds to the cleavage site.Thus, the molecule may comprise or consist of any of the peptides:

(SEQ ID No: 283) NLVPMVATVQKWNKWALSRASALASALC, (SEQ ID No: 285)NLVPMVATVQHSSKLQLGGGSGGGGSC, (SEQ ID No: 287)NLVPMVATVGGGGGFGGGGFGGGGFC, (SEQ ID No: 288)NLVPMVATVQKQSRKFVPGGGSGGGGSC, (SEQ ID No: 289)NLVPMVATVGCPGRWGGGGGSGGGGSC, (SEQ ID No: 290)NLVPMVATVQYLGRSYKVGGGSGGGGSC, (SEQ ID No: 292)NLVPMVATVQGPQGIASQGGGSGGGGSC,  (SEQ ID No: 293)NLVPMVATVQPQGIAGQGGGSGGGGSC,  and (SEQ ID No: 295)NLVPMVATVQVLKVLKVLKGGGSGGGGSC.

In a particular embodiment, the molecule comprises those final peptideslisted in Table 7 above, wherein the ‘epitope’ listed in Table 7corresponds to the T cell antigen of the molecule, and wherein the‘cleavage site’ listed in Table 7 corresponds to the cleavage site.Thus, the molecule may comprise or consist of any of the peptides:

(SEQ ID No: 297) CSGGGGSGGGGCPGRWGGANLVPMVATV, (SEQ ID No: 298)CSGGGGSGGGGGGRANLVPMVATV,  (SEQ ID No: 299)CSGGGGSGGGGYLGRSYKVANLVPMVATV, (SEQ ID No: 300)CSGGGGSGGGGSLGRKIQIANLVPMVATV, (SEQ ID No: 301)CSGGGGSGGGGLVPRGSANLVPMVATV,  (SEQ ID No: 302) CSGGGGSGGGGRANLVPMVATV, (SEQ ID No: 303) CSGGGGSGGGGAAPVANLVPMVATV,  (SEQ ID No: 304)CSGGGGSGGGGKQLRWNGANLVPMVATV,  (SEQ ID No: 305)CSGGGGSGGGGSSKYQANLVPMVATV,  and (SEQ ID No: 306)CSGGGGSGGGGGGGGFANLVPMVATV,

In another embodiment, the molecule comprises or consists of any of thefollowing peptides:

(SEQ ID No: 273) KTPRVTGGGAMAIPVSLRSGGGGSGGGGSC, (SEQ ID No: 274)DDYSNTHSTRYVTIPVSLRSGGGGSGGGGSC, (SEQ ID No: 275)RNLVPMVATVQIPVSLRSGGGGSGGGGSC, (SEQ ID No: 277)YVLEETSVMLIPVSLRSGGGGSGGGGSC, (SEQ ID No: 278) NLVPMVATVQGALALALALC,(SEQ ID No: 279) NLVPMVATVQGPLGALALALALALALALALALALALC,  or(SEQ ID No: 280) NLVPMVATVLPRSAKELRC.

In an embodiment, the targeting moiety described herein is Cetuximab,the T cell antigen comprises NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 21) and the cleavagesite comprises a MMP14 cleavage sequence.

In an embodiment, the targeting moiety described herein is Rituximab,the T cell antigen comprises DYSNTHSTRYV (SEQ ID No: 55) and thecleavage site comprises a MMP2 cleavage sequence.

In an embodiment, the targeting moiety described herein is Rituximab,the T cell antigen is TPRVTGGGAM (SEQ ID No: 31) and the cleavage sitecomprises a MMP2 cleavage sequence.

In an embodiment, the targeting moiety described herein is hP67.6(Gemtuzumab parent antibody), the T cell antigen is TPRVTGGGAM (SEQ IDNo: 31) and the cleavage site comprises a MMP2 cleavage sequence.

In an embodiment, the targeting moiety described herein is Cetuximab,the T cell antigen comprises NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 21) and the cleavagesite comprises any of the following cleavage sequences: a uPa/tPacleavage sequence (CPGR-VVGG) (SEQ ID No: 254), a Plasmin/TMPRSS2cleavage sequence (GGR-X) (SEQ ID No: 256), a Cis cleavage (YLGR-SYKV)(SEQ ID No: 257), a MASP2 cleavage sequence (SLGR-KIQI) (SEQ ID No:259), a thrombin cleavage sequence (LVPRGS) (SEQ ID No: 260), a trypsincleavage sequence (XXXR-X) (SEQ ID No: 261), an elastase 2 cleavagesequence (AAPV-X) (SEQ ID No: 262), a MT-SP1/ST14 cleavage sequence(KQLR-WNG) (SEQ ID No: 263), a PSA cleavage sequence (SSKYQ) (SEQ ID No:265), or a Cathepsin B cleavage sequence (GGGG-F) (SEQ ID No: 267).

The invention will be described in further detail with the aid of thefollowing Figures and Examples.

FIG. 1: MDA.MB.231 cells transduced with MMP14 stained with Cetuximabconjugated to NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 21) containing MMP14 cleavagesequence (NLVPMVATVLPRSAKELRC (SEQ ID No: 280) linked to Cetuximab usingSulpho-SMCC).

FIG. 2: B-LCL cells stained with Rituximab conjugated to the HLAclass-II peptide DYSNTHSTRYV (SEQ ID No: 55) containing a proteasecleavage sequence

 (SEQ ID No: 274) (DDYSNTHSTRYVTIPVSLRSGGGGSGGGGSC).

FIG. 3: B-LCL cells stained with Rituximab conjugated to the HLA class-Ipeptide TPRVTGGGAM (SEQ ID No: 31) containing a protease cleavagesequence

(KTPRVTGGGAMAIPVSLRSGGGGSGGGGSC) (SEQ ID No: 273) linked to Rituximabusing Sulpho-SMCC.

FIG. 4: (A) Schematic diagram of an exemplary embodiment of theinvention. (B) Schematic showing design and mechanism of viral peptidedelivery. (i) Preferred targeting molecule consisting of a monoclonalantibody able to target a tumour cell, covalently linked to a syntheticpeptide containing a protease recognition domain and a T cell peptideantigen. (ii) The peptide-conjugate is delivered to the target cell viaa specific antibody and the peptide is cleaved in the proximity of thetumour cell. The released smaller viral peptide is passively binds toempty to empty MHC class I or II molecules on the cell surface. TheMHC-peptide complexes are then recognised and by specific circulatingT-cells mediating tumour cell-lysis.

FIG. 5: In vitro activity of redirected virus-specific T cells. (A)Recognition of a lymphoblastoid lymphoma cell lines by CD8⁺cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes through conjugation ofthe cognate antigen TPRVTGGGAM (SEQ ID No: 31) peptide to Rituximab(anti-CD20). Recognition is only present if the peptide is flanked bythe MMP2 cleavage motif. Controls are tumour cells alone, CTLs alone andtumour cells pulsed with free TPR peptide(KTPRVTGGGAMAIPVSLRSGGGGSGGGGSC) (SEQ ID No: 273) linked to Rituximabusing Sulpho-SMCC. (B) Redirection of CD4⁺ cytomegalovirus-specific Tcells specific for HLA-DR7⁺ restricted epitope DYSNTHSTRYV (SEQ ID No:55) (DYSN). Lymphoblastoid cell lines were incubated with Rituximabcrosslinked with the DYSN peptide without a cleavage site(IPDDYSNTHSTRYVC) (SEQ ID No: 309), “DYSN-Protease Cleavage Site” whichcontains a protease cleavage site (DDYSNTHSTRYVTIPVSLRSGGGGSGGGGSC) (SEQID No: 274) or a control peptide and washed. Tumour cells were thenincubated overnight with DYSN-specific CD4⁺ T cells and T cellrecognition determined using IFNγ release by ELISA. The inclusion of aprotease cleavage site adjacent to the DYSN peptide dramaticallyincreases recognition of the tumour cells by CD4⁺ T cells. (C)Application toward breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB231 usingcytomegalovirus-specific CD8⁺ CTL specific for cytomegalovirus pp65(NLVPMVATV) (SEQ ID No: 21) epitope. Conjugation of the peptide combinedwith a MMP14 cleavage site mediates killing of the cells(NLVPMVATVLPRSAKELRC; SEQ ID No: 280) linked to Cetuximab usingSulpho-SMCC. Further data not shown indicates that a peptide conjugatelacking the MMP14 cleavage site shows killing comparable to Cetuximabalone.

FIG. 6: In vitro and in vivo targeting of tumour cell lines using APECapproach. (A) EGFR expression on two breast carcinoma cell lines MCF7and MB-MDA231. (B) Successful targeting of EGFR+ cell line MDA-MB231using NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 21) peptide containing a protease cleavagesite (CSGGGGSGGGGAIPVSLRANLVPMVATV; SEQ ID No: 276) conjugated toCetuximab. Arrow denotes efficient recognition by T cells of APECtreated cells. (C) MCF-7 which does not express EGFR is not targeted byCetuximab immunoconjugate. In both (B) and (C), the B-RPH is aHLA-mismatched peptide deigned to not be recognised by the T cells andthe VLE-protease cleavage peptide is an HLA-matched peptide. Thispeptide is designed to be a control for the protease cleavage sequenceto ensure that the T cells do not recognise a portion of the proteasecleavage sequence. As the response to the VLE-protease cleavage peptideis negligible, the response seen with the NLV-protease cleavage peptideis borne against the NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 21) sequence and not theprotease cleavage sequence.

FIG. 7: In vivo targeting of tumour cell lines using APEC approach. (A)in vivo xenograft data demonstrating that the human MDA-MB-231 breastcancer cell line can be eradicated by CMV-specific T cells whenCetuximab-peptide conjugates are given via intraperitoneal injection.Cetuximab-peptide complexes alone are unable to control the tumourgrowth (upper), whilst neither are CMV-specific T-cells (middle).However the combination of both cause eradication of this aggressivebreast cancer tumour in vivo. (B) Successful targeting of colorectalcell line Colo205 using anti-Muc1 antibodies linked with CMV-specific Tcell epitope and protease cleavage site. GP1.4 and SM3 arewell-characterised anti-MUC1 specific antibodies. (C) This anti-Muc1antibody-peptide conjugate also very efficiently targets pancreaticcarcinoma cell line Panc1 MH1, SM3 and GP1.4 are all well-characterisedMUC1-specific monoclonal antibodies. MH1 is specific for the cytoplasmictail of MUC1 and therefore does not bind to intact tumour cells,whereas, SM3 and GP1.4 bind to the extracellular portion of MUC1glycoprotein. For FIG. 7A, the peptide used is the NLV peptide using thereverse sequence (CSGGGGSGGGGAIPVSLRANLVPMVATV) (SEQ ID No: 276). InFIGS. 7B and C, the peptides are as follows NLVR(CSGGGGSGGGGAIPVSLRANLVPMVATV) (SEQ ID No: 276) containing the proteasecleavage site, RNLV (RNLVPMVATVQIPVSLRSGGGGSGGGGSC) (SEQ ID No: 275)containing the same protease cleavage site as NLV-R and differing fromNLV-R in the orientation of the viral epitope and the biotin peptide(Biotin-PFMRPHERNGFTVLC: SEQ ID No: 320) which does not contain theprotease cleavage sequence and is used as a control peptide. (D) Singlechain fragment V (scFv) protein construct encoding for the same peptidesequence as used in (A) but contained within the scFv single polypeptidechain demonstrates activity against MDA-MB-231 cell line in vitro. Theprotease recognition site within the ScFv construct is IPVSLRS (SEQ IDNo: 310).

FIG. 8: Plasma stability of the antibody-peptide conjugate and specifictargeting of tumour B cells. (A) Recognition of a lymphoblastoid cellline or healthy B cells by CD8+ cytomegalovirus specific cytotoxic Tcells after labelling cells with Rituximab conjugated with MHC class Ipeptides derived from cytomegalovirus. There is no recognition ofhealthy B cells whereas there is recognition of target cells only in thepresence of the viral peptide the T cells are specific for. This datademonstrates the specificity of the APEC for malignant cells comparedwith healthy tissue. (B) The antibody peptide-epitope conjugate (APEC)was incubated at 37° C. in human plasma and assayed by ELISA todetermine stability of the peptide conjugation. The half-life of theAPEC is ˜50 minutes and is not altered by the addition of an acetylgroup at the C terminus of the peptide. In FIG. 8, the peptide sequencesused were NLV-Protease Cleavage-Reverse (CSGGGGSGGGGAIPVSLRANLVPMVATV)(SEQ ID No: 276) containing the protease cleavage site IPVSLRS (SEQ IDNo: 310), VLE-Protease Cleavage (YVLEETSVMLIPVSLRSGGGGSGGGGSC) (SEQ IDNo: 277) containing the protease cleavage site IPVSLRS (SEQ ID No: 310)and Biotin-RPH (Biotin-PFMRPHERNGFTVLC: SEQ ID No: 320) used as acontrol peptide without the protease cleavage sequence.

FIG. 9: (A) Amino acid sequence of cytomegalovirus pp 65 protein (SEQ IDNo: 318); (B) Amino acid sequence of some peptide constructs referencedin the Examples. Key: bold and underlined=T-cell epitope; boxed=flexiblelinker; italics=protease recognition site; boxed and bold=epitopeextension reside as per parent pp 65; double underlined=coupling residuebearing a sulfhydryl.

FIG. 10: (A) The dependency of external proteolytic activity: targetcells are lightly fixed in paraformaldehyde or not and then incubatedwith either peptide (NLVPMVATV) (SEQ ID No: 21) or Cetuximab conjugatedwith either an irrelevant peptide (VLE) or cognate peptide (NLVPMVATV:SEQ ID No: 21-protease cleavage site) and incubated with NLVPMVATV (SEQID No: 21)-specific T-cells. Data demonstrate that fixed cells are ableto process antibody-peptide conjugates and thus internalisation is notnecessary for processing. (B) Data demonstrating that receptor peptideagonists (NLVPMVATVAIPVSLRSAAAFCDGFYACYMDV (SEQ ID No: 311)=Her2/neuagonist peptide [FCDGFYACYMDV] (SEQ ID No: 312) with NLVPMVATV (SEQ IDNo: 21) and protease cleavage site AIPVSLR (SEQ ID No: 313);NLVPMVATVAIPVSLRSAAAYCRDYDYDGRYFDCY (SEQ ID No: 314)=EGFR agonistpeptide (YCRDYDYDGRYFDCY) (SEQ ID No: 319) with the viral peptideNLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 21) and protease cleavage site AIPVSLR (SEQ ID No:313)) can be used to re-direct T-cells against EGFR+ tumour cells)(Ponde et al, Bioorg Med Chem Lett 21(8): 2550-3).

FIG. 11: (A) Demonstration that cytokines can be used as targetingmoiety with IL-2 (A) and IL-4 (B) being conjugated with HLA-class IIpeptide (DR7-restricted) PDDYSNTHSTRYVC (SEQ ID No: 309) and using theBiotin-RPH (Biotin-PFMRPHERNGFTVLC; SEQ ID No: 320) as a controlpeptide. After labelling target cells with cytokine-peptide complex, andculturing with DYSN-specific CD4 T cells for either 4 or 24 hours, thereis a strong T cell response towards target cells labelled with theDR7-restricted peptide (PDDYSN) and no response when using the controlpeptide (Biotin-RPH) after 4 and 24 hours (A) and 24 hours (B).

FIG. 12: T cell recognition by range of tumour cell lines. EightHLA-A*0201 NCI-60 cell lines are all recognised by HLA-A*0201-restrictedCMV-specific T-cells when pulsed with cognate antigen.

FIG. 13: in vitro targeting of human carcinoma cell lines usingantibody-peptide-epitope conjugate (APEC) approach. (A) Early datashowing that Cetuximab-peptide conjugates could be used to targetcarcinoma cell lines. Positive control is cognate viral peptide pulsedtumours—as in FIG. 12. (B) The introduction of a protease cleavage sitein the peptide is critical for effective targeting of tumour cells.Peptides not bearing a cleavage sequence (PC) are not cleaved andtherefore not recognised by T-cells. (C) Using Cetuximab-MMP2-NLVPMVATV(SEQ ID No: 21) APEC we can successfully target 4 out of 7 HLA-A*0201NCI-60 cell lines. NCI-H522 and Colo205 are also weakly recognised,whereas HCT-116 is not recognised. Caki-2 is not HLA-A*0201 and servesonly as a control. (D) We have produced scFv protein based uponCetuximab sequence and N-terminally linked MMP2-NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No:21). This agent is also able to target MDA-MB-231 tumour cells in vitro(shown in red). (E) Assessment of in vitro potency of Cetuximab APEC.These experiments suggest an EC50 of between 2-5 ug/ml (13-30 nM). InFIG. 13, when the peptide epitope is NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 21), thepeptides used were CSGGGGSGGGGAIPVSLRANLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 276)(‘NLVPMVATV-PC’) that contains the protease cleavage sequence AIPVSLR(SEQ ID No: 313), and CSGGGGSGGGGANLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 315)(‘NLVPMVATV’) that does not contain a protease cleavage site.

FIG. 14: (A) Immunohistochemistry of 4 human adenocarcinomas showingCD8+ T cells by immunohistochemistry reveal abundant CD8+ T-cellinfiltrate in human carcinomas. (B) Using Anti-Muc1(SM3)-(ProteaseCleavage)-NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 21) APEC we can successfully target thepancreatic carcinoma cell line Panc-1. (C) Using Rituximab-ProteaseCleavage)-NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 21) APEC we can to differentially targeta model tumour B cell line (LCLs) (black bars) and avoid targetinghealthy B cells (white bars). (D) Using Rituximab-PC-DYSNTHSTRYV (SEQ IDNo: 55) APEC we can successfully target a model tumour B cell line(LCLs) using HLA Class-II derived peptides eliciting a CD4+ T cellresponse. (E) Using Cetuximab-MMP2-NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 21) APEC we cansuccessfully target cells previously fixed (black bars) at a similarlevel to that seen in unfixed cells (white bars). (F) Using anti-CD138antibody to target the myeloma cell line U266. PC=Protease Cleavage.13266+NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 21)+ T cell corresponds to the native 9amino acid peptide alone as a free peptide epitope (i.e. no linker etc),and serves as a positive control as it is essentially the maximumpossible response. In FIG. 14, when the peptide epitope is NLVPMVATV(SEQ ID No: 21), the peptides used were CSGGGGSGGGGAIPVSLRANLVPMVATV(SEQ ID No: 276) (‘NLVPMVATV-PC’) that contains the protease cleavagesequence AIPVSLR (SEQ ID No: 313), and CSGGGGSGGGGANLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No:315) (‘NLVPMVATV’) that does not contain a protease cleavage site.

EXAMPLE 1 Stimulation of T Cells by Cetuximab—NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 21)Conjugate

Summary

We contacted breast cancer cells with an agent comprising Cetuximabconjugated to a HLA-B7 peptide with and without a cleavage site.Subsequent exposure to T cells resulted in the generation of a T cellresponse when the breast cancer cells were contacted with the agent thatcontained the cleavage site.

Results

MDA.MB.231 cells, often used as a model for breast cancer, weretransduced with the MMP14 gene to ensure expression of the MMP14 proteinwithin the cell. After staining the target cells (1×10⁵) with Cetuximabeither unconjugated (1) or conjugated to RPHERNGFTVL (SEQ ID No: 32), aHLA-B7 peptide (2), NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 21) without the MMP14 cleavagesequence (3) or NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 21) including the cleavagesequence (4), stained cells were incubated overnight. The following day,the cells were washed and NLV-specific T cells were added to the culture(1×10⁴) and incubated overnight. Supernatant was harvested and an ELISAused to determine the presence of IFN-γ in each culture, n=3. Theresults are shown in FIG. 1.

There was very little IFN-γ release from T cells cultured together withcells stained using Cetuximab alone and cetuximab conjugated with themismatched HLA-peptide. T cells cultured with cells stained usingcetuximab conjugated with the correct peptide but lacking the MMP14cleavage site also produced very little IFN-γ whereas T cells culturedwith the cells stained using cetuximab conjugated with the correctpeptide containing the MMP14 cleavage site produced a large amount ofIFN-γ.

EXAMPLE 2 Stimulation of CD4+ T cells by Rituximab—DYSNTHSTRYV (SEQ IDNo: 55) Conjugate

Summary

We contacted B-lymphoblastoid cells (B-LCL) with an agent comprisingRituximab conjugated to a cytomegalovirus HLA Class-II restrictedpeptide DYSNTHSTRYV (SEQ ID No: 55) with and without a cleavage site.Subsequent exposure to CD4⁺ T cells resulted in the generation of a Tcell response when the B-LCL cells were contacted with the agent thatcontained the cleavage site.

Results

After staining the B-LCL cells with Rituximab conjugated to anirrelevant mismatched peptide RPHERNGFTVL (SEQ ID No: 32), a HLA-B7peptide, not containing the protease cleavage sequence (1), anirrelevant, mismatched HLA class-I peptide VLEEETSVML (SEQ ID No: 316),an HLAA-A2 peptide, with the protease cleavage sequence (2), therelevant peptide DYSNTHSTRYV (SEQ ID No: 55) without the proteasecleavage sequence (3), or the relevant peptide DYSNTHSTRYV (SEQ ID No:55) including the protease cleavage sequence (4), stained cells wereincubated overnight. The following day, the cells were washed andDYSN-specific CD4⁺ T cells were added to the culture and incubatedovernight. Supernatant was harvested to determine the presence of IFN-γin each culture, n=3. There was very little IFN-γ release from CD4⁺ Tcells cultured together with cells stained using Rituximab conjugatedwith the mismatched HLA-peptide without the protease cleavage site. CD4⁺T cells cultured with cells stained using Rituximab conjugated with thecorrect peptide but lacking the protease cleavage site also producedvery little IFN-γ whereas T cells cultured with the cells stained usingRituximab conjugated with the correct peptide containing the proteasecleavage site produced a large amount of IFN-γ. However, when T cellswere cultured with Rituximab conjugated with the HLA-mismatched peptidecontaining the protease cleavage site, there was no IFN-γ produced. Theresults are shown in FIG. 2.

A similar example showing stimulation of CD4⁺ T cells byRituximab-TPRVTGGGAM conjugate is shown in FIG. 3.

EXAMPLE 3 Standard Operating Procedure for Chemical Conjugation ofCysteinylated Peptide to Antibody

-   1. Cysteinylated peptides dissolved in DMSO to final concentration    of 5 mg/ml.-   2. Weigh 1 mg Sulfosuccinimidyl    4-[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (Sulfo-SMCC) and    dissolve in 500 μl phosphate buffered saline (PBS).    -   a. Other heterobifuctional cross-linkers could be used in place        of Sulfo-SMCC e.g. Sulfosuccinimidyl        6-(3′-[2-pyridyldithio]-propionamido) hexanoate (Sulfo-LC-SPDP)        and N-[β-Maleimidopropionic acid] hydrazide, trifluoroacetic        acid salt (BMPH) amongst others.-   3. Add 20 μl antibody (1 mg/ml, 20 μg antibody) to dissolved    Sulfo-SMCC and incubate at room temperature for 1 hour.-   4. Wash a Protein G column (GE Healthcare) by firstly spinning the    column at 13,000 rpm for 30 seconds to remove the ethanol (storage    buffer).-   5. Add 500 μl PBS and mix protein G beads well before spinning at    13,000 rpm for 30 seconds. Remove eluate and repeat a further two    times.-   6. Add antibody-SMCC to protein G column, mix well and incubate for    5 minutes. Centrifuge at 13,000 rpm for 30 seconds and remove    eluate.-   7. Wash antibody by adding 500 μl PBS and mixing the beads well    before spinning at 13,000 rpm for 30 seconds and removing eluate.    Repeat this step a further two times.-   8. To elute the bound antibody, add 125 μl 0.1M acetic acid to the    beads and incubate for 2 minutes at room temperature. Place column    in a 1.5 ml eppendorf and spin at 13,000 rpm for 30 seconds and    collect eluate.-   9. Repeat step 8.-   10. Add 250 μl 0.2M Na₂HCO₃ and allow to stand at room temperature    for 5 minutes.-   11. Add 2 μl peptide, previously dissolved in DMSO, to the    SMCC-activated antibody and incubate at room temperature for 2    hours.-   12. Repeat steps 4 to 10 to remove excess unbound peptide from the    antibody.-   13. After adding 250 μl 0.2M Na₂HCO₃, add a further 500 μl PBS    before storage. Antibody can now be used to stain cells.-   14. Store antibody at 4° C.

EXAMPLE 4 Treatment of Breast Cancer

An agent comprising Cetuximab that is attached to a peptide T cellantigen such as NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 21), derived from acytomegalovirus, via a linker comprising a PRSA-KELR (SEQ ID No: 321)protease cleavage site (cleavable by Matrix metalloproteinase 14(MMP14)) is prepared. The agent is formulated with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient and administered to patient with an epithelialmalignancy such as breast cancer. The agent, Cetuximab, is targeted tobreast cancer cells and upon binding comes into contact with MMP14. Thecleavage of the protease cleavage site releases the T cell antigen,NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID No: 21), which subsequently binds to the HLA-A*0201molecules on the surface of the breast cancer cell. The breast cancercells expressing the T cell antigen is targeted by the host immunesystem for cytolysis by the effector CD8 T cells.

EXAMPLE 5 Treatment of B-cell Lymphoma (Eg Chronic LymphocyticLeukaemia)

An agent comprising Rituximab that is attached to a HLA class-II peptideT cell antigen such as DYSNTHSTRYV (SEQ ID No: 55), derived from acytomegalovirus, via a linker comprising a TIPV-SLRS (SEQ ID No: 317)protease cleavage site (cleavable by Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2))is prepared. The agent is formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient and administered to patient with B cell lymphoma (eg chroniclymphocytic leukaemia). The agent, Rituximab, is targeted to B cells andupon binding comes into contact with a protease. The subsequent cleavageof the protease cleavage site releases the T cell antigen, DYSNTHSTRYV(SEQ ID No: 55), which subsequently binds to the HLA-DR*0107 moleculeson the surface of the B cell. The B cells expressing the T cell antigenwould then be targeted by the host immune system for cytolysis by theeffector CD4 T cells.

EXAMPLE 6 Treatment of Bowel Cancer

An agent comprising Cetuximab that is attached to a peptide T cellantigen derived from a cytomegalovirus via a linker comprising aCPGR-WGG (SEQ ID No: 254) protease cleavage site (cleavable by uPA) isprepared. The agent is formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient and administered to a bowel cancer patient.

EXAMPLE 7 Treatment of B Cell Lymphoma (Eg Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia(CLL))

An agent comprising Rituximab that is attached to a peptide T cellantigen derived from a cytomegalovirus via a linker comprising aPQG-IAGQ (SEQ ID No: 269) protease cleavage site (cleavable by MMP2) isprepared. The agent is formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient and administered to a B cell lymphoma (eg CLL) cancer patient.

EXAMPLE 8 Stimulation of T Cells by Rituximab—TPRVTGGGAM (SEQ ID No: 31)Conjugate

Summary

We contacted B-lymphoblastoid cells (B-LCL) with an agent comprisingRituximab conjugated to a cytomegalovirus peptide TPRVTGGGAM (SEQ ID No:31) with and without a cleavage site. Subsequent exposure to T cellsresulted in the generation of a T cell response when the B-LCL cellswere contacted with the agent that contained the cleavage site.

Results

After staining the cells with Rituximab conjugated to RPHERNGFTVL (SEQID No: 32), a HLA-B7 peptide (1), an irrelevant, mis-matched HLA class-Ipeptide, VLEEETSVML (SEQ ID No: 316), (a HLA-A2 peptide) containing theprotease cleavage sequence (2), the relevant peptide TPRVTGGGAM (SEQ IDNo: 31) with the protease cleavage sequence (3) or the relevant peptideTPRVTGGGAM (SEQ ID No: 31) without the cleavage sequence (4), stainedcells were incubated overnight at 37° C. The following day, the cellswere washed and TPR-specific T cells were added to the culture andincubated overnight. Supernatant was harvested to determine the presenceof IFN-γ in each culture, n=3. The results are shown in FIG. 3

There was very little IFN-γ release from T cells cultured together withcells stained using Rituximab conjugated with the mismatched HLA-peptidewith or without the protease cleavage site (1 & 2). T cells culturedwith cells stained using Rituximab conjugated with the correct peptidebut lacking the protease cleavage site also produced very little IFN-γ(4) whereas T cells cultured with the cells stained using Rituximabconjugated with the correct peptide containing the protease cleavagesite (3) produced a large amount of IFN-γ.

EXAMPLE 9 Treatment of B Cell Lymphoma (Eg Chronic LymphocyticLeukaemia)

An agent comprising Rituximab that is attached to a HLA class-I peptideT cell antigen such as TPRVTGGGAM (SEQ ID No: 31), derived from acytomegalovirus, via a linker comprising a TIPV-SLRS (SEQ ID No: 317)protease cleavage site (cleavable by Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2))is prepared. The agent is formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient and administered to patients with B cell lymphoma (eg chroniclymphocytic leukaemia). The agent, Rituximab, is targeted to B cells andupon binding comes into contact with a protease. The cleavage of theprotease cleavage site releases the T cell antigen, TPRVTGGGAM (SEQ IDNo: 31), which subsequently binds to the HLA-B*0702 molecules on thesurface of the B cell. The B cells expressing the T cell antigen wouldthen be targeted by the host immune system for cytolysis by the effectorCD8 T cells.

EXAMPLE 10 Tumor Targeting by Re-directing Anti-Viral Immune ResponsesIn Vitro and In Vivo

Summary

We have shown that antibodies can be engineered to deliver and releaseviral peptides at the tumor site by exploiting a tumor-associatedproteolytic environment thus allowing resident anti-viral T cells tospecifically kill tumor cells. We screened 15 HLA-A2+ tumor cell lines(THP-1 (acute monocytic leukemia cell line); A498 (renal cellcarcinoma); MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 (breast cell adenocarcinomas); NCI-H522(non-small cell lung carcinoma); Ovcar-3 (ovarian adenocarcinoma);Colo205 and HCT-116 (colorectal carcinoma)) and showed that 100% arerecognized and killed by human anti-viral T cells when pulsed withcognate viral peptides (FIG. 12). Furthermore we used both molecular andcellular approaches to demonstrate that immunodominant anti-viral CD8+ Tcells are present in a variety of human tumors providing a rationale forsuch an approach.

Results

Antibody-peptide epitope conjugates (APEC) were generated, throughcovalently linking T cell epitope peptides with clinically availableantibodies Cetuximab and Rituximab. Neither APEC in solution norplate-bound were able to activate cognate T cells. Healthy CD20+ B cellsbound Ritixumab-APEC (RPEC) but were unable to activate T cells invitro. However, CD20+ lymphoma cell lines were able to be efficientlytargeted by T cells when bound by RPEC in vitro through proteolyticrelease of bound peptide demonstrating differential tumor targeting(FIG. 5).

Using breast cancer as a solid tumor model, EGF receptor was targeted onthe malignant cell line MDA-MB-231 using Cetuximab-APEC (CPEC). Resultsdemonstrate T cell recognition when target cells were bound by CPEC(p<0.01) (FIG. 6). FIGS. 7B and 7C also demonstrate successful targetingof colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines and pancreatic carcinoma celllines using an anti-Muc1 antibody peptide conjugate.

In vivo data using a xenograft mouse model demonstrate significantefficacy in mice treated with the CPEC and T cells compared with micetreated with either T cells alone or with CPEC alone (see FIG. 7A).Because the conjugates are given by intraperitoneal injection and thetumour is given subcutaneously, these data also demonstrate plasmastability in vivo.

FIG. 7D demonstrates successful targeting of T cells using a proteinthat contains a viral peptide sequence as part of its polypeptide chain.A single chain fragment V (scFv) antibody-like construct was prepared,encoding a protease recognition domain and T cell epitope, and shown toefficiently target MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro.

FIG. 8A shows that the conjugates according to the invention may be usedto selectively target cancer cells. Following labelling oflymphoblastoid cells or healthy B cells with Rituximab conjugated withviral peptide, there is no recognition of healthy B cells whereas thereis recognition of lymphoblastoid cells only in the presence of the viralzo peptide that the T cells are specific for.

FIG. 8B demonstrates plasma and serum stability of conjugates accordingto the invention.

FIG. 10A demonstrates the mechanism of action of the Cetuximab-peptidecomplex occurring at the cell surface and not by way of internalisationof the whole complex. By chemical fixation of target cells,internalisation of the complex is inhibited and a positive IFN-γresponse using fixed cells would demonstrate external processing of theAPEC. The results show that target cells chemically fixed demonstrate asimilar ability to induce IFN-γ production by T cells when they areincubated with Cetuximab-NLVPMVATV-Protease Cleavage as that seen whentarget cells have not been chemically fixed. Similarly, chemically fixedtarget cells cannot induce an IFN-γ response when labelled with anirrelevant APEC (Cetuximab-VLEETSVML-Protease Cleavage) similar to thatseen in untreated target cells.

FIG. 10B demonstrates the ability to use a peptide as a targeting moietyin place of an antibody. Peptides which directly bind to either EGFreceptor or Her2/neu receptor were synthesised containing a proteasecleavage sequence and the viral epitope named receptor peptides(EGF-NLVPMVATV (NLVPMVATVAIPVSLRSAAAYCRDYDYDGRYFDCY) (SEQ ID No: 314)Ponde at al (2011) Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 21 or Her2-NLVPMVATV(NLVPMVATVAIPVSLRSAAAFCDGFYACYMDV) (SEQ ID No: 311) Park at al (2000)Nat Biotech 18). Target cells labelled with either peptide were able toinduce an IFN-γ response from viral-specific CD8+ T cells similar tothat seen when target cells were pulsed with exogenous viral peptide.When either receptor peptide is removed, the target cells were notrecognised by the T cells.

FIG. 13 shows that antibody peptide epitope complexes (APEC) formed ofanti-EGFR Cetuximab and peptides were able to re-target antigen specificT cells to target these malignant cell lines, but only when the peptidecontained a protease cleavage site.

FIG. 14 shows that antigen specific T cells are at the tumour site andthat other antibodies may be used in the approach (eg anti-MUC1 antibodySM3). The figure also demonstrates selective targeting of malignantcells compared to healthy cells. For example, the anti-CD20 RituximabAPEC efficiently targets malignant lymphoma cells in vitro but spareshealthy B cells derived from peripheral blood (FIG. 14C). The figurealso shows the applicability toward MHC Class-II restricted peptidesusing CD4+ cytotoxic T cells (FIG. 14D), and that the APEC approach doesnot require the antigen processing capacity of target cells (FIG. 14E)suggesting that peptide cleavage is occurring at the cell membrane.

Discussion

Targeting tumors in this way bypasses the requirement of an intactantigen processing system in the tumor cell. We believe that theprocessing of the protease cleavage site and subsequent loading ofpeptide onto MHC class I/II molecules occurs extracellularly, withoutthe requirement of classical antigen processing components.

Furthermore, the results demonstrate that conjugating peptides todifferent antibodies allows targeting of many different malignanciesincluding breast cancer, multiple myeloma, acute myeloid leukemia andpancreatic cancer. Therefore, the immunotherapeutic potential of thismechanism is far-reaching.

Xenograft Studies

Xenograft models use NOG mice (NOD Rag2^(−/−)yc^(−/−)) (M. Ito et al.,Blood 100, 3175 (2002)). Tumour cell lines are grown using standardlaboratory tissue culture techniques and injected subcutaneously inMatrigel and left to engraft for ˜7 days. Human CD4+ and CD8+ T cellsare cultured using standard techniques and cultured from healthylaboratory donors. 10⁶ T cells are infused into each study mouseintraperitoneally. Antibody or APEC is injected into the intraperitonealcavity. Mice are injected with 120 mg/kg luciferin weekly and growth andmetastatic dissemination of the cells monitored using IVIS Spectrum(Caliper Lifesciences). Quantitation of outgrowth kinetics is determinedand metastasis quantified by measuring luminescent signal from eachorgan at the experimental endpoint.

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The invention claimed is:
 1. An agent for retargeting T cells to solidtumor cells, the agent comprising: (i) a targeting moiety that iscapable of targeting to the solid tumor cells, wherein the targetingmoiety is an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that binds asolid tumor antigen; and (ii) a viral T cell epitope that elicits anexisting immune response in the subject and binds to a HLA molecule onthe surface of the cancer cell of the human subject and has a HLAmatched to the subject, (iii) a peptide linker comprising a peptidecleavage site cleavable by a tumor associated protease and wherein thelinker can be selectively cleaved by the tumor associated protease torelease the T cell epitope in the vicinity of, and outside of, the solidtumor cells and wherein the solid tumor is not a lymphoma.
 2. The agentaccording to claim 1 wherein the solid tumor is chosen from anepithelial tumor, prostate tumor, ovarian tumor, renal cell tumor,gastrointestinal tract tumor, hepatic tumor, colorectal tumor, tumorwith vasculature, mesothelioma tumor, pancreatic tumor, breast tumor,sarcoma tumor, lung tumor, colon tumor, brain tumor, melanoma tumor,small cell lung tumor, neuroblastoma tumor, testicular tumor, carcinomatumor, adenocarcinoma tumor, glioma tumor, seminoma tumor, orosteosarcoma tumor.
 3. The agent according to claim 1, wherein selectivecleavage of the cleavage site enables release of the T cell epitope ator near to the cell surface of the solid tumor cells.
 4. The agentaccording to claim 1, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragmentthereof is specific for any of Her 2; EpCAM; EGFR; PSMA; CA 125;Carbonic Anhydrase IX; c-met; TRAIL-R1; DR5; IGF- 1R; VEGF-R2; PSCA;MUC1; CanAg; Mesothelin; P-cadherin; growth differentiation factor 8(GDF 8 ); TDGF1; MUC5AC; CEACAM; solute carrier family 44 member 4(SLC44A4); Neuropilin 1; Glypican; or EphA2.
 5. The agent according toclaim 1, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is ananti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody, an anti-Her2 antibody,an anti-MUC1 antibody, an anti-P-cadherin antibody, an anti-EpCAMantibody, an anti-E-cadherin antibody, an anti-CEA antibody, or ananti-FGFR3 antibody.
 6. The agent according to claim 1 wherein the Tcell epitope is from any of Varicella Zoster virus, Herpes simplexvirus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus, adenovirus, rhinovirus, orinfluenza virus.
 7. The agent according to claim 1, wherein the T cellepitope is an MHC Class I restricted antigen, an MHC Class II restrictedantigen, or an antigen that is capable of binding to a group I CD1molecule.
 8. The agent according to claim 1, wherein the T cell epitopeis a peptide and the T cell epitope is released by selective cleavage ofa protease cleavage site.
 9. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising anagent according to claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,diluent or excipient.
 10. A composition comprising (i) an agentaccording to claim 1 and (ii) a therapeutic agent suitable for treatinga solid tumor.
 11. The agent of claim 1, wherein the cleavage site inthe agent is between the targeting moiety and T cell epitope.
 12. Theagent according to claim 1, wherein the targeting moiety and T cellepitope are expressed as a single polypeptide chain.
 13. The agentaccording to claim 4, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragmentthereof is specific for CEACAM.
 14. A pharmaceutical composition,comprising an agent according to claim 13, and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.
 15. The agent according toclaim 13, wherein the targeting moiety and T cell epitope are expressedas a single polypeptide chain.
 16. The agent according to claim 5,wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is an anti-CEAantibody.
 17. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising an agentaccording to claim 16, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,diluent or excipient.
 18. The agent according to claim 16, wherein thetargeting moiety and T cell epitope are expressed as a singlepolypeptide chain.
 19. The agent of claim 1, wherein the viral T cellepitope is one to which a number of T cells in the subject are alreadysensitized to.
 20. The agent of claim 1, wherein the viral T cellepitope is one that elicits an existing immune response, wherein theexisting immune response has been generated by prior vaccination againstan infectious agent.
 21. The agent of claim 1, wherein the viral T cellepitope is one that elicits an existing immune response, wherein theexisting immune response has been generated by exposing the humansubject's T cells to the epitope in vitro.